• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.10-17
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• 2009

Degradation of the organic component in the waste were carried out by superheated steam in a pressurized vessel. The effects of waste characteristics, reaction temperature and residence time on the degradation rate have been determined. The biodegradable organic components such as food and paper waste have been degraded, and plastics, wood and metal were remained without degradation. The degradation efficiency is decided by the desizing rate of the waste, and the waste mixture with 23% biodegradable organic component shows higher desizing rate than that of the 43% of the biodegradable organic component in a short residence time and the desizing rate is found to be 90% in the maximum condition.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.15-21
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• 1998

Crude enzymes of Trichoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were evaluated for their effect to brightness and physical properties of recycled pulp from newspaper and corrugated container board. The brightness of recycled pulp from newspaper increased with crude enzymes from Trichoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The brightness of recycled pulp of corrugated container board increased with crude enzyme from Phanerochaete chrysosporium, but decreased with crude enzyme from Trichoderma viride. The Δbrightness with chemical bleaching of crude enzyme treated pulp was lower than that of heat killed enzyme treated pulp, but the final brightness of pulp was increased. Modification of recycled paper with crude enzymes can result in a substantial increase in physical properties with little no loss in pulp freeness.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2016

Biomass is a renewable and sustainable source of energy used to create electricity or pressurized steam. In biomass-fueled power plants, wood waste or other waste is burned to produce steam that runs a turbine to make electricity, or that provides heat to industries and homes. Biomass power plants, apart from producing energy, help to reduce the $CO_2$ emission. However, the main problem is the high-temperature corrosion due to fuel corrosivity, especially of the straw. This limits both the temperature of the steam and also the effectiveness of the power plant. The corrosion in biomass-fueled plant was described.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 1991

The sludge, a waste of brewery industries, was examined for potentials as a natural organic fertilizer (or soil conditioner) for lawn. Trial products were measured for changes of physical, chemical properties in laboratory and seed germination and seedling growth in green house were also tested. The results are as the following:1The sludge from distilled liquor brewery contained high quantity of organic matter which had proper physical and chemical properties for lawn fertilizer (natural organic fertilizer, soil conditioner, top-dressing mix) . It showed good characteristics in handling and capabilities to be developed as commercial products for golf courses. 2.Sludge from beer company needs proper treatment to improve physical properties for futher degradiation. It is because aggregation of the sludge particles prevented microbial activities and changing to soluble form. 3.Green carbon can be used as carbon source for organic fertilizer production using brewery sludge, but it should not contain wood extract which inhibit seed germination and seedling growth.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.04b
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• pp.743-746
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• 1998

Pine bark waste was delignified with various sulfite liquors in order to use its spent liquor as concrete additives. The bark was easily deliginfied in alkaline sulfite-anthraquinone(ASAQ) cooking, resulting in more than 90% delignification. The dispersing ability of the ASAQ spent liquor was almost equivalent to or better than that of the commercial wood lignosufonate(CSL), Sanflo R.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.110-123
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• 2008

The use of CCA as a wood preservative was recently inhibited due to its environmental pollution and human harmfulness. Instead of CCA, copper azole (CuAz) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) have been used as alternative wood preservatives, but the price of the preservatives is much more expensive than that of CCA. As a substitute for high-priced CuAz and ACQ, environmentally friendly wood preservatives were formulated with okara, which is an organic waste from the production of tofu. Prior to formulating the preservatives, okara was hydrolyzed by three levels of sulfuric acid concentration (1, 2.5 and 5%) to easily penetrate the effective components of the preservatives into wood blocks. Final preservative solutions were formulated with the hydrolyzed okara and metal salts, such as copper sulfate, copper chloride and borax. The preservatives were treated into wood blocks by vacuum-pressure method to measure the treatability of the preservatives, and the treated wood blocks were placed in hot water for three days to measure the leachability of the preservatives. The effective components of the preservatives might be successfully penetrated into wood blocks through the uses of hydrolyzed okara and ammonia water. However, the leached amount of effective components was increased as the concentration of acid used for the hydrolysis of okara increased. The treatability and leachability of the preservatives were not affected by hydrolysis temperature but negatively affected by the addition of borax. Based on the results above, the optimal conditions for formulating okara-based wood preservatives cost-effectively and environmentally might be 1% acid hydrolysis of okara and the use of $CuCl_2$ as a metal salt. In addition, the treatability and leachability of okara-based wood preservatives were superior or no differences comparing with those of CuAz. Therefore, it is concluded that okara-based wood preservatives might have a potential to be used as an environmentally friendly wood preservative.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.196-205
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate a method for improving the physical and mechanical properties of laminated board made from oil palm trunk (OPT). The effects of pretreating the lamina with heat-pressure and altering the lamina composition of the laminated board were investigated. The outer third of OPT in cross-section had high-density wood, while the underlying third had low to medium density. The hot press was applied to pretreat the lamina that had low to medium density. The lamina were 1.5 cm in thickness, 5 cm in width, and 65 cm in length. The hot press was applied at 2.94 MPa or 4.41 MPa at 150 ℃ for 60 minutes, and the target thickness of the lamina was 1 cm. The three layers of the laminated board samples were bonded with isocyanate adhesive at a glue spread of 300 g/㎡ and cold pressed at 0.98 MPa for 3 h. The laminated board samples were tested according to Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the densification of the inner lamina did not significantly affect the physical-mechanical properties of the laminated board produced. However, the laminated board made with high-density laminas for the outer layers fulfilled the JAS 234-2003 standard for the modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.704-710
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• 2014

Biomass is considered an alternative energy which can solve an greenhouse gas problem like $CO_2$ which is a major contributor to global warming. The biomass can be converted to various energy sources through thermochemical conversion. In this study, a continuous gasifier was engineered for a wood biomass gasification. The biomass was used a waste wood. The experiments of $CO_2$ gasification were achieved as the gasification temperature, moisture content and input $CO_2$ concentration. The results showed that the yield of producer gas increased with an increasing the gasification temperature. The amount of the light tar increased due to the decomposition of gravimetric tar by the thermal cracking, and the char was confirmed pore development through the SEM analysis. The CO concentration was increased with an increased input $CO_2$ concentration from Boudouard reaction. Through the parametric screening studies, the hydrogen and carbon monoxide concentration were 32.91% and 48.33% at the optimal conditions of this test rig.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.175-184
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• 2015

In this study GC and PAS were used to calculate $N_2O$ concentration of exhaust gas from Wood Chip combustion system. Fuel supplied to the incinerator was collected and analyzed and then the analysis result was used to calculate $N_2O$ emissions. Tier 3 and Tier 4 Method were used to calculate the $N_2O$ emissions. Plant's Specific emission factor of $N_2O$ by Tier 3 Method was 0.35 kg/TJ, while default emission factor of Wood?Wood Waste proposed by 2006 IPCC G/L was 4 kg/TJ. So the $N_2O$ emission factor of this study was 3.65 kg/TJ lower compared to the IPCC G/L. The total emissions calculated by Plant's specific emission factor was 4.22 kg during the measuring period, but by Tier 4 Method it was 7.88 kg. This difference in emissions was caused by the difference of continuous measuring and intermittent sampling. It would be necessary to apply continuous measuring to calculate emissions of $Non-CO_2$ gas whose the density distribution is relatively high. However currently, according to the target management guideline of greenhouse gas and energy, the continuous measuring method to calculate greenhouse gas emission is applied only to $CO_2$. Therefore for reliable greenhouse gas emission calculation it would be necessary to apply continuous measuring to calculate $Non-CO_2$ gas emission.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 1999

Experimental studies have been performed to observe the basic phenomena of waste bed combustion in MSW incinerator. A reduced scale apparatus was utilized to simulate the combustion behavior in real plant with 1-dimensional transient behavior at the experimental setup, which uses wet cubic wood with ash content as simulated waste. LHV (lower heating value) of solid fuel, fuel particle size and flow rate of combustion air were taken as important parameters of the bed combustion. For the quantitative analysis, FPR (flame propagation rate), TBT (total burn-out time) and PBT (particle burn-out time) was defined. LHV represent the capability of heat release of the fuel, so that a higher LHV results in faster reaction rate of the fuel bed, which is shown by higher FPR. Fuel particle size is related with surface area per unit mass as well as heat and mass transfer coefficient. As the particle size increases the FPR decreases owing to decreasing specific surface area. Air injection supplies oxygen to the reaction zone. However oversupply of combustion air increases convection cooling of the bed and possibly extinguishes the flame.