• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an efficient mass propagation method for the mature $Prunus$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura (43 to 58 years old). Cutting was conducted depending on cutting time, auxin treatments (IBA and NAA treatments mixed with talc powder), and cuttings position on shoots in a plastic house equipped with a fog system without heating. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, and their growth characteristics were investigated in order to check whether the cuttings are successful or not for roadside tree planting. The average rooting rate was highly significant ($P$ < 0.0001) in all treatments: cutting on June 1st (61.4%) was more than two times greater in rooting rate than that on August 1st (23.6%); IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (90.8%) and IBA 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (89.2%) showed much greater rooting rates than those of the other treatments; upper part of the cuttings treated with IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed the highest rooting rate, 96.7%. The interactions among treatments in the average rooting rate were also significant. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the auxin treatments in the survival rate of leafed cuttings transplanted to a nursery bed. The average survival rate was 46.5%, and IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment was the highest in leafed cuttings 79.2%, but most of leafless cuttings were dead. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the cuttings, grafts, and in the seedlings height, diameter at root collar, the number of roots, branches, and leaves, etc., and the cuttings was the best. We can expect a possibility of mass propagation of improved $P.$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura and a high planting survival rate through the transplanting of cuttings to a nursery bed in which the cuttings should be the following conditions: cutting in June to July, use of the upper part of cuttings, IBA treatment, and rooting in August in a cutting-greenhouse equipped with a fog system.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2015

The fire accident is a representative type of disaster that can largely impact on business. Therefore, precautionary measures and rapid initial response is very important when a disaster occurs. The storage of porous combustibles is inevitable in coal yard, plywood processing industry, and others that are currently operating. Initial fire fighting of fire and identifying the ignition point in such a porous combustible storage space are so difficult that if the initial response is failed, being led to deep-seated fire, surface fire is likely to result in secondary damage. In addition, deep-seated fire can cause personal injuries and property damage due to a large amount of toxic gases and reignition. Therefore damage reduction measures is required around the storage space to handle a porous flammable. Improving the penetration performance of the concentration of the surfactant is carried out as underlying study, which is about an deep-seated fire extinguishing efficiency augmentation when using wetting agents. The porous materials used in the experiments is radiata pine wood flour, which occupies more than 75% of the domestic wood market. Fire fighting water is selected as Butyl Di Glycol (BDG), which is being used for infiltration extinguishing agent, and the experiment was carried out by producing a standard solution. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the Deep-Seated Fire Test of NFPA 18. The amount of watering, porous material to the internal amount of penetration, and runoff measurement out of the porous material was conducted. According to experimental results, as the surface tension is reduced, the surfactant concentration macroscopic penetration rate decreases, but infiltration to a porous material is shown to have growth characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.2 s.77
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• pp.149-154
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• 1996

Effects of various kinds of sawdusts, supplements and culture conditions on activities of several enzymes such as protease, phenoloxidase and cellulase produced from mycelium of P. ostreatus grown on sawdust medium were studied and the results are as follows; Higher specific activity of these enzymes was observed when oak tree sawdust and poplar tree sawdust were supplemented with rice bran or wheat bran at rate of 30%, 20% and 10% in total volume respectively. Higher total activities of protease, phenoloxidase and cellulase were observed at 70% of the moisture contents of culture media, while lower activity of these enzymes was observed with 40% moisture contents of sawdust culture medium. The pH 4 and 9 of the sawdust media appeared to be optimum pH for the. production of protease while pH 5 and 7 were optimal for the production of phenoloxidase. The pH 6 of the sawdust medium was optimal for the production of cellulase. The optimum incubating temperature for the production of protease, phenoloxidase and cellulase was $25^{\circ}C$. Higher total activities of protease and phenoloxidase were observed when culture medium was added with wood vinegar at the control, and 0.5% for cellulase.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 1996

By treatment(dropping) of 0.1~0.4% colchicine solution on the sprouts of winter buds of hard wood cutting slips for 4~5 days, two lines of artificial autotetraploids from Yongchonppong and one line from Yeongbyonppong were bred and the important cultivative characteristics of those new lines were as follows. The greentip sprouting stage of the new bred lines in spring season is later than the parental varieties by two days, but growth speed of the new lines after sprouting was faster than that of the parental varieties reaching the same level development with the parental varieties at the fifth leaf sprouting stage to be mid varieties same as the origins. The leaf shape of the new bred lines was wide round and the petioloes were long and thick. The thickness of leaf was thicker than the parental varieties by 17-33% and single leaf weight was heavy. The leaf area weight increased by 21-31% and the content of chlorophyll was also higher by 11-33%. With all the characteristics, the new breds produced good quality of leaves. The length and number of branches were shorter and less, respectively, than the parental varieties, but the internode length was either same or longer than the parents. Looking at the characteristics, the constitution of shoots was slightly inferior to the parental varieties. The cold hardness expressed by the death top rate of Sawonppong 23 and Sawonppong 24 was same level as that of Yongchonppong, but Sawonppong 25 was stronger than Yeongbyonppong in it with a high infection rate of dwarf disease. The productivity was lower than the parental varieties, but young shoot rate to shoot and branch and the ratio of leaf to young shoot were higher than the parental varieties. The fertility of Sawonppong 23 and Sawonppong 24 was comparatively high with 62% of cross success, but that of Sawonppong 25 was low with 23.9% of cross success.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2019

This study aimed to select the media for water flooding culture of Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, Osmanthus fragrans Lour., and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach planting into quartz Porphyry and Hydroball. The survival rate of Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach in hydroball 80%+quartz porphyry 20% was 100%, also the ratio of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour. in hydroball 20%+quartz porphyry 80% was 100% and 80%. However survival rate of full water and decomposed granite was less than 80% in Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach and thee rate of Osmanthus fragrans Lour was less than 50%. The increasing rate of fresh weight for Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach in hydroball 80%+quartz porphyry 20% was 58.6% and 15.8% which was higher than others, and the fresh weight was increased as increasing the content of hydrobol. However the fresh weight of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour. in hydroball 20%+quartz porphyry 80% was 71.4% and 59.7% which was higher than others, and the fresh weight was increased as increasing the content of quartz porphyry. The increasing rate of fresh weight of decomposed granite as control was the lowest by 32.7%, 48.0%, 33.3% and 7.0%, respectively in Pinus thunbergii Parl., Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry, Osmanthus fragrans Lour., and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach. Therefore the survival rate and fresh weight was lower at water and decomposed granite. However the survival rate and increasing fresh weight of Pinus thunbergii Parl. and Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach was higher as increasing the rate of hydrobol. And the survival rate and fresh weight of Juniperus chinensis L. var. sargentii Henry and Osmanthus fragrans Lour was higher as increasing the rate of quartz porphyry.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2007

We investigated the effects of dietary supplements of probiotics, illite, active carbon and hardwood vinegar on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition in finishing pigs. One hundred fifty pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; $32.3{\pm}1.3 kg$ average initial body weight) were used in a 100 day experiment. Pigs were randomly placed into five experimental feeding groups (control, 0.2% probiotics, 1.0% illite, 1.0% active carbon and 1.0% hardwood vinegar) and were slaughtered at approximately 110 kg live weight. There was a slight, but insignificant increase in average daily body weight gain and feed intake among all treatment groups. Feed conversion was reduced when probiotics were added (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the carcass rate and back fat thickness among the all treatment groups including controls. However, the frequency rate of grade A increased in the groups fed 1.0% active carbon and hard- wood vinegar compared to controls. Stearic acid content was lower in the groups fed probiotics illite active carbon and hardwood vinegar (p<0.05). Oleic acid contents were higher only in the groups fed 1.0% active carbon and hardwood vinegar (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2004

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an annual plant of the family Malvaceae, is considered to be the most promising for alternative plants with potential use as a non-wood fiber source. The objectives of this study were to select the optimum seeding date and adaptable cultivar among newly introduced kenaf cultivars (Everglades-41, Tainung-2 and Chingpi-3) in Jeju island, and to clarify the photosynthetic characteristics of those cultivars. Among the three cultivars, the fresh shoot weight per unit area of Chingpi-3 at harvest season showed highest through all seeding dates, that of while Everglades-41 was the lowest. The difference of shoot yield at harvest mainly due to seedling stand rate and plant number per unit area among the cultivars. The Chingpi-3 showed the highest shoot fresh weight in the seeding date of May 11 and decreased trend in the late seeding dates. Net photosynthesis rate was higher on Everglades-41 with entire type leaf than other two cultivars with palmate type leaf. The activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/foxygenase (rubisco) estimated from the A-Ci curve showed highest in Chingpi-3 among three cultivars. These results suggest that Chingpi-3 might be adaptable cultivar with seeding date of around May 10 for kenaf production in Jeiu island.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.3-30
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• 1979

Larch ($\underline{Larix}$ $\underline{leptolepis}$ GORDON), one of the major afforestation species in Korea in view of its growing stock and rate of growth, is not favored as a raw material for pulp due to its low yield of pulp and difficulties with bleaching arising from the high content of extractives in wood, and the high heartwood ratio and the active phenolics, respectively. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of firstly pulping with various additives of cellulose protector for the yield of pulp, and secondly bleaching with oxygen for chlotination-alkali extraction of five stage-sequence to reduce chlorine compounds in bleaching effluents. The kraft cooking liquor for five age groups of larchwood was 18 percent active alkali with 25 percent sulfidity and 5 : 1 liquor-to-wood ratio, and each soda liquor for sap-and heart-wood of the 15-year-old larchwood was 18 percent alkali having one of the following cellulose protectors as the additive; magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$, 2.5%), zinc sulfate ($ZnSO_4$, 2.5%), aluminium sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 2.5%), potasium iodide (KI, 2.5%), hydroquinone (HQ, 2.5%), anthraquinone (AQ, 0.1%) and ethylene diamine (EDA, 2.5%). Then each anthraquinone-soda liquor for the determination of suitable cooking condition was the active alkali level of 15, 17 and 19 percent with 1.0, 0.5 and 0.1 percent anthraquinone, respectively. The cooking procedure for the pulps was scheduled to heat to 170$^{\circ}C$ in 90 minutes and to cook 90 minutes at the maximum temperature. The anthraquinone-soda pulps from both heartwood and sapwood of 15-year-old larchwood prepared with 0.5 percent anthraquinone and 18 percent active alkali were bleached in a four-stage sequency of OCED. (O: oxygen bleaching, D: chlorine dioxide bleaching and E: alkali extraction). In the first stage oxygen in atmospheric pressure was applied to a 30 percent consistency of pulp with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide (MgO) and 3, 6, and 9 percent sodium hydroxide on oven dry base, and the bleached results were compared pulps bleached under the conventional CEDED (C: chlorination). The results in the study were summarized as follows: 1. The screened yield of larch kraft pulp did not differ from particular ages to age group, but heartwood ratio, basic density, fiber length and water-extractives contents of wood and the tear factor of the pulp increased with increasing the tree age. The total yield of the pulp decreased. 2. The yield of soda pulp with various chemicals for cellulose protection of the 15-year-old larchwood increased slightly more than that of pure soda pulp and was slightly lower than that of kraft pulp. The influence of cellulose protectors was similar to the yield of pulps from both sapwood and heartwood. The effective protectors among seven additives were KI, $MgSO_4$ and AQ, for which the yields of screened pulp was as high as that of kraft pulp. Considering the additive level of protector, the AQ was the most effective in improving the yield and the quality of pulp. 3. When the amount of AQ increased in soda cooking, the yield and the quality of the pulp increased but rejects in total yield increased with decreasing the amount of active alkali from 19 to 15 percent. The best proportion of the AQ seemed to be 0.5 percent at 17 percent active alkali in anthraquinone-soda pulping. 4. On the bleaching of the AQ-soda pulp at 30 percent consistency with oxygen of atomospheric pressure in the first stage of the ODED sequence, the more caustic soda added, the brighter bleached pulp was obtained, but more lignin-selective bleaching reagent in proportion to the oxygen was necessary to maintain the increased yield with the addition of anthraquinone. 5. In conclusion, the suitable pulping condition for larchwood to improve the yield and quality of the chemical pulp to the level for kraft pulp from conventional process seemed to be. A) the selection of young larchwood to prevent decreasing in yield and quality due to the accumulation extractives in old wood, B) the application of 0.5 percent anthraquinone to the conventional soda cooking of 18 percent active alkali, and followed, C) the bleaching of oxygen in atmospheric pressure on high consistency (30%) with 0.1 percent magnesium oxide in the first stage of the ODED sequence to reduce the content of chlorine compounds in effluent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.70 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 1985

Growth and biomass production of natural stands of Quercus variabilis in relation to tree density were studied to obtain basic guide lines for future tending operation. Two natural stands of Quercus variabilis located at 900m (A stand: 6,600trees/ha, $15.84m^2/ha$, $\frac{19}{17-20}$) and 800m (B stand: 4,300trees/ha, $16.65m^2/ha$, $\frac{20}{17-21}$) elevation in Sancheong, Kyongnam Province were selected for the comparative study and following results were obtained through a sample plot method. After diameter of individual trees in the sample plots was measured, twelve average trees from each diameter class were cut felled to measure dry weight of $W_S$, $W_B$, $W_L$, $W_{Ba}$, and standing biomass and biomass production rates by a allometrior regressions related to $D^2H$. Vertical distribution of leaves along the stems indicated that photosynthesis was carried out 2.2m above the ground in Stand A and 1.2m in Stand B. Maximum photosynthesis was located 4.2m and 6.2m above the ground in Stand A and B, respectively. Leaf area index was 4.25ha/ha for Stand A, and 3.89ha/ha for Stand B. Above-ground standing biomass was 49.51 ton/ha for Stand A and 59.20 ton/ha and net annual production was 6.75 ton/ha/yr. for Stand A and 8.99 ton/ha/yr. for Stand B. The ratio of net annual production to standing biomass was 17.5% for Stand A and 16.7% for Stand B. Net assimilation rate was 2.75kg/kg/yr. for Stand A and 3.58kg/kg/yr. for Stand B. Stem wood production rate was 1.46kg/kg/yr. for Stand A and 2.09kg/kg/yr. for Stand B. Bark production rate was 0.60 kg/kg/yr. for Stand A and 0.34kg/kg/yr. for Stand B. Above data indicated that Stand B utilized growing spaces and sites more efficiently than Stand A. It is concluded chat productivity of natural stands of Quercus variabilis can be enhanced through optimization of basal areas and number of tree per hectare and that sound management of natural oak stands should be based on systematic sampling of the area for periodic productivity estimation.

• Mycobiology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2003

Sclerotia of Grifola umbellata were cultivated by two methods such as burying and root inoculation methods. The sclerotia of G. umbellata produced by the burying method were $6.0{\sim}6.8{\times}3.4{\sim}4.6{\times}1.8{\sim}1.9cm$(Width$\times$Length$\times$Thickness) in size and $17.3{\sim}19.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their increase rate was $1.10{\times}1.12$ times. On the other hand, the sclerotia cultivated by the root inoculation method were $18.3{\sim}31.5{\times}12.5{\sim}26.4{\times}3.1{\sim}3.7cm(W{\times}L{\times}T)$ in size and $219.1{\sim}576.6g$ in weight, respectively. Their growth increment was $11.18{\sim}39.77$ times. The rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea were developed with a high density under fallen leaves layer covering cultivation site, and distributed mainly between soil surface and soil depth of about 10 cm as well as colonized prominently on the inoculated wood logs. Fungal interaction between G. umbellata and A. mellea were observed mainly in the stage of white sclerotium of G. umbellata. The sclerotia of G. umbellata which were developed newly and harvested in the root inoculation method were twined with root hairs of host tree and rhizomorphs of A. mellea. The sclerotia of G. umbellata decomposing root hairs of host tree were confirmed through SEM examination. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in all cultivation sites had no significant differences. Soil pH were in the range of pH $3.98{\sim}4.40$. Organic matters were the range of $17.97{\sim}23.86%$ and moisture contents of soil were $12.00{\sim}18.20%$. Soil temperatures showed $12.9{\sim}13.8^{\circ}C$ in November and $22.0{\sim}23.9^{\circ}C$ in August, respectively. In conclusion, the root inoculation method seems to be a practical method for cultivating sclerotia of G. umbellata due to its many advantages such as simplicity of inoculation process, shortening of cultivation periods and facility of harvest.