• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.413-430
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• 2007

This study analyzed the foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological woods and compounds in soil where waterlogged archaeological wood was buried, in order to examine the relationship between burial environment and foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological wood. The XRF(X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy) and EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray) analysis were conducted to examine the effect of iron(Fe) to blacken the waterlogged wood. The XRF results showed that investigated soil contained Si, Al, and Fe. Wood ash contained more sulfur and Fe than any other elements in the EDX analysis. Cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly reduced at the surface of wood, which is the blackened part of waterlogged wood. Foreign substances changed the surface color. These problems could be solved by removal of foreign substances in waterlogged archaeological wood using EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid). The optimum condition to remove Fe from waterlogged wood by EDTA was investigated. To do this, the concentration of Fe removed was measured with various concentration of EDTA-2Na. The optimum pH of EDTA-2Na was figured to be 4.1 to 4.3. As the concentration of EDTA increased, the extracted concentration of Fe also increased. In the case of 0.4 wt% of EDTA-2Na, about 60ppm of Fe was eliminated and was stabilized after 48 hours. In the case of EDTA-3Na, the optimum pH was 7 to 8, and about 10 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-3Na. In the case of EDTA-4Na, the optimum pH was 10 to 11, and about 20 ppm of Fe was eliminated at 0.4 wt% of EDTA-4Na. In conclusion, the iron(Fe) in waterlogged archaeological wood was removed by EDTA treatment and it increased the whiteness of the surface.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.358-364
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• 2008

Wood-inorganic material composite (WIC) was prepared by impregnating wood with copper sulfate ($CuSO_4\;5H_2O$) solution and by immersed wood in sodium carbonate($Na_2CO_3$) solution in order to introduce insoluble copper compounds {copper carbonate hydroxide, $CuCO_3\;Cu(OH)_2$} into the wood to give fungicidal effects in treated-wood. The weight percent gains (WPGs) of treated wood reached maximum value by impregnation of 20% copper sulfate solution and immersion in about 15% sodium carbonate solution for 24 hrs. Inorganic substances were present mainly in the lumina and cross-field pitting of tracheides. These substances were proved to be the insoluble copper carbonate hydroxide against water by the energy dispersive X-ray analyzer in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDXA). The treated specimens showed high preservative effectiveness because the weight losses were hardly occurred by the fungi degradation test.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.28-37
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• 1992

Fine structures of some Korean woods were investigated by X-ray diffraction methods. Relative crystallinity measured by the Segal's method and by the area method was $53{\pm}6%$ and $43{\pm}8%$ in softwoods, and $54{\pm}5%$ and $45{\pm}5%$ in hardwoods, respectively. The crystallite dimension in width was $3.11{\pm}0.45nm$ in softwoods and $3.22{\pm}0.25nm$ in hardwoods. In the longitudinal direction, the dimension was $12.79{\pm}0.89nm$ in softwoods and $12.60{\pm}0.72nm$ in hardwoods. The d-spacings of (200) in equatorial and (004) in meridional layers were about 0. 397 run and about. 0.260 nm, respectively. As a result, relative crystallinity, crystallite dimensions and d-spacings of (200) did not show any differences between the softwoods and hardwoods. The ratio of integrated intensities of (002) and (004), however, showed some differences between the softwoods and hardwoods. Namely, it was $0.101{\pm}0.027$ in softwoods and $0.138{\pm}0.037$ in hardwoods.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-53
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• 1998

The Kong-Chung Jung's relics made of wooden materials were pre-examined for conservation. Kong-Chung Jung was a General of the Chosun Dynasty and his weapons were made of wood. The pre-examining method was focused on the quality and species of the wooden weapons. X-ray radiation was used for the observation of wood structure, and the condition of the relics was relatively good although they contained some cracks. The examination of species using optical microscope showed that the species of each relics were Pinus densiflora of hanging scroll pole, Lozoste lancifolia of a top of flagnole, Fraxinus sp. of a flagpole, Phyllostachys sp. of arrow shafts. For the conservation of the relics, celyl alcohol as dimensional stability chemicals was used and poly(vinyl acetate) and epoxy adhesives were also used for the joining and restoring of the relics.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.421-425
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• 2009

This research investigates the effect of copper retention on copper leaching in wood treated with copper-based preservatives. Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) sapwood samples were ground in a Wiley mill equipped with a 20-mesh screen. The ground wood was vacuum-treated with various concentrations of alkaline copper quat (ACQ), bis-(N-cyclohexyl-diazeniumdioxy)-copper (CB-HDO), and copper azole (CUAZ). The treated samples were conditioned at $70^{\circ}C$ and 100% RH for 72 hours. The samples were leached by using the distilled water for four weeks, and the copper contents in each sample were measured by X-ray spectroscopy. As expected, the copper leaching was increased with increasing of copper retention. The copper leaching from the ACQ and CB-HDO treated samples were gradually decreased with increasing copper retention: however, the copper losses from the CUAZ treated samples appeared to be proportionally increased with the increase in copper retention in all retention levels tested. The results indicate that at the conditions of the same copper retention ACQ and CB-HDO treated wood have a better leaching resistance compared to CUAZ treated wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

Anatomical and physical properties of kenaf grown in Chuncheon, Korea were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction method. Bast fiber, phloem ray, cortex parenchyma cell and sieve tube member were observed in phloem, and vessel element, fiber and ray in xylem. Solitary and multiple radial pores in xylem existed. The cell types of ray parenchyma in radial section were procumbent, upright and square cells. The length of bast fiber increased with increasing the growth period. The length of wood fiber was 0.74~0.82 mm, but was not significantly different between the growth period and stem height. Relative crystallinity was 53~74% in phloem and 43~58% in xylem. Cellulose crystallinity width was 2.68~3.24 nm in phloem and 2.46~2.95 nm in xylem. The green moisture content and green density increased but basic density decreased with increasing the stem height.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.220-231
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• 2021

The use of digital copies of film-based analog images and the introduction of digital radiographic imaging systems using image plates gradually replace the non-destructive radiationirradiation method of Cultural Heritage. The quality of images obtained from this technique is affected by conditions such as tube voltage, tube current, and exposure time, type of image acquisition medium, distance of the artifacts from the image acquisition medium, and thickness of artifacts. In this study, we evaluated the grayscale image obtained using GE's Computed Radiograhpy (CR) imaging system, the transmission characteristics of the X-ray source for each tree type (pine, chestnut, sawtooth oak, ginkgo) used in wooden Cultural Heritage, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast. The GE's CR imaging were analyzed using the Duplex wire image quality indicator, line-pair gauges.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

This research is carried out to investigate the formation and preservative effectiveness of inorganic substance, calcium carbonate($CaCO_3$), in wood. The specimens were prepared by the impregnation with saturated solutions of potassium carbonate($K_2CO_3$) into the wood followed by precipitation in saturated solutions of calcium chloride($CaCl_2$) for 24h, 72h and 120h, and then they were leached in instrument flowing with water for 24h. The weight percent gains of $K_2CO_3$ solution impregnated specimens reached approximately a maximum value (108.1%) by 72h precipitation in $CaCl_2$ solutions. Inorganic substances were observed to he produced in the lumina of tracheids of specimens. From these inorganic substances filling in the tracheids, characteristic X-rays of calcium(Ca-$K_{\alpha}$) were detected by energy dispersive X-ray analyzer. Moreover, it was shown from a leaching treatment that these substances could not he leached easily from the specimens. Therefore, they were could he considered to be insoluble calcium carbonates. The weight losses of the prepared specimens were hardly occurred by test fungi attacks. Thus inorganic substances in specimens can be said to have preservative effectiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.368-379
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• 2018

Objective of this work is to study the effects of a saline solution used to pretreat lignocellulosic material derived from champak timber. The native lignocellulosic solids, in powder form, were mixed with saline water solutions of three different concentrations and maintained for 2 weeks without stirring. The treated solids were washed, recovered, and then dried under sunlight. The substrates were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity (CrI), lateral order index (LOI), total crystallinity index (TCI), and surface morphologies of all the samples were determined. The treated biomass structures were compared with controls. The data show that the structures of all the treated substrates changed, as indicated by CrI. CrI of the treated substrates decreased significantly compared with that of the original wood, as did LOI and TCI quantities, whereas the HBI parameter increased. The results indicate that the saline water pretreatment modified the wood samples.

• Journal of Ceramic Processing Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.472-478
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• 2018

In this study, the sintering mechanism of woodceramics (WCs) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) was studied by analyzing chemical reactions and structural changes during the sintering process of of CNSW powder, liquefied wood and green bodies of WCs at $900^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes in the $CO_2$ atmosphere. The chemical and structural properties of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the decomposition reactions of liquefied wood and CNSW occurred simultaneously to form the hard carbon and the soft carbon at high temperature. The sintering mechanism of WCs has been presented.