• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1053-1061
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• 2004

Of the 20 arbitrarily chosen primers, six oligonucleotides decamer primers were used on the basis of the number of the polymorphisms generated in catfish (Silurus asotus) from Yesan and bullhead (Pseudobagrus fulvidraco) from Dangjin in Korea. Six primers were used generating a total of 602 scorable bands in catfish and 195 in bullhead population, respectively, ranging in size of DNA fragments from less than approximately 100 to larger than 2,000 base pairs (bp). Six primers yielded 199 polymorphic fragments (33.1%) in catfish and 47 (24%) in bullhead, respectively. In the present study, a total of 328 common fragments (an average of 54.7 per primer) were observed in catfish population, whereas 84 (an average of 14.0 per primer) in bullhead. The total number of specific fragments in catfish and bullhead population were 76 and 64, respectively. In catfish population, random decamer, OPA-17 (GACCGCTTGT) generated the highest number of fragments (a total of 141) in comparison with other primers used, with an average of 11.8. The common bands in the molecular weight of 300 bp generated by random primer OPA-06 (GGTCCCTGAC) were present in every individuals in bullhead population. The major polymorphic bands in the molecular weight of 100 bp generated by OPA-17 were identified in lane 14, 15, 17, 18, 19 20 and 21, which were identifying species in bullhead population. The average bandsharing values (BS values) of all of the samples within catfish population ranged from 0.575 to 0.945, whereas 0.063-1.000 within bullhead population. The bandsharing value (index of similarity between individuals) between individual No. 5 and No. 9 showed the highest level within catfish population, whereas the bandsharing value between individual No. 1 and No. 2 showed the lowest level. The single linkage cluster analysis resulted from four primers, indicating four genetic groupings composed of group 1 (C1-C10, all of the catfish samples), group 2 (B11, B12, B13, B14, B16, B17, B18, B19), group 3 (B15) and group 4 (B20 and B21). The dendrogram reveals close relationships between individual identities within two species populations and individuals derived from the same ancestor, respectively. However, genetic distances between two species populations ranged from 0.124 to 0.333. The shortest genetic distance (0.042) displaying significant molecular differences was between individual No. 6 and No. 9 catfish population. The shortest genetic distance (0.033) displaying significant molecular differences also was between individual No. 18 and No. 19 in bullhead population. Reversely, the genetic distance of individual No. 20/21 among individuals in bullhead population was highest (0.333). This result showed that bullhead No. 20 and 21 were distinct from other individuals within bullhead population.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.71-80
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• 2022

Background: This study investigated the effect of robot-assisted arm training on muscle activity of arm and weight bearing in stroke patients. Methods: The study subjects were selected 20 stroke patients who met the selection criteria. 10 people in the robot-assisted arm training group and 10 people in the task-oriented arm training group were randomly assigned. The experimental group performed robot-assisted arm training, and the control group performed task-oriented arm training for 6 weeks, 5 days a week, 30 minutes a day. The measurement tools included surface electromyography and smart insole system. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and the paired sample t-test. Results: Comparing the muscle activity of arm within the group, the experimental group and the control group showed significant differences in muscle activity in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius. Comparing the muscle activity of arms between the groups, the experimental group showed significant difference in all muscle activity of arm compared to the control group. Comparing the weight bearing within the groups, the experimental group showed significant difference in the affected side and non-affected side weight bearings and there were significant differences in anterior and posterior weight bearing. The control group showed significant difference only in the non-affected side weight bearing. Comparing the weight bearings between groups, the experimental group showed significant difference in the affected side and non-affected side weight bearings compared to the control group. Conclusion: This study confirmed that robot-assisted arm training applied to stroke patients for 6 weeks significantly improved muscle activity of arm and weight bearing. Based on these results, it is considered that robot-assisted arm training can be a useful treatment in clinical practice to improve the kinematic variables in chronic stroke patients.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.889-895
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• 2010

This study compared the effects of craniocervical flexion exercise with conservative cervical flexion exercise in workers with chronic neck pain. Subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: control (n=20) and experimental group (n=20), respectively. The conservative exercise for the control group consisted of cervical flexion exercise, whereas the experimental group performed a craniocervical flexion exercise. To compare the two groups, the visual analogue scale (VAS) for a pain, neck disability index (NDI) for a neck disability scale, and cross sectional area (CSA) of longus colli muscle using ultrasound image were assessed on pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 2 weeks follow-up. 2-way repeated ANOVA was used with Bonferroni post-hoc test. (1) There were significant main effects (within and between groups) (p<0.05) and interaction effect (p<0.05) in VAS. Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise comparisons. (2) There were significant main effects (within and between groups) (p<0.05) and interaction effect (p<0.05) in NDI. Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences between pre-intervention and post-intervention, pre-intervention and 2 weeks follow-up. (3) There were significant main effects (within and between groups) (p<0.05) and interaction effect (p<0.05) in CSA of longus colli muscle. Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise comparisons. The findings indicate that craniocervical flexion exercise are more effective for improving pain, neck disability, and CSA of longus colli muscle than cervical flexion exercise in workers with chronic neck pain.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2000

Partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was analyzed to investigate genetic variation from 10 geographic populations of Granulilittorina exigua in Korea. The sequence of 282 base pairs was determined by PCR-directed silver sequencing method. The sequences of two species within the genus Littorina reserved in NIH blast search were utilized to determine geographic variations of species referred. The levels of mtDNA sequence differences were 0.00-2.54% within populations and 0.71-4.43% between populations. There were four amino acid differences between representative species of the genera Granulilittorina and Littorina, but no differences within populations of the genus Granulilittorina. The UPGMA and the N-J trees based on Tamura-Nei genetic distance matrix were constructed, which showed that the genus Granulilittorina was divided into three groups such as eastern (even exception for Tokdo population), southern, and western regional populations. The degrees of genetic divergence within populations of each group were p=0.021, p=0.019, and p=0.018, respectively. The divergence between the eastern and southern populations was p=0.032, showing closer relationship than with the western populations (p=0.052). Based on the diverged time estimation, the eastern and southern populations of Granulilittorina exigua in Korea diverged from the western populations about 2.1 MYBP, and the eastern and southern populations diverged from each other about 1.3 MYBP.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.393-397
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted in an effort to determine the effects of various abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on the thickness and length of the transversus abdominis (TrA) when using lumbar stabilization exercises on healthy adults. Methods: 72 healthy adults were divided into four groups of 18 subjects each, to which different ADIM methods were applied. 1) a simple ADIM exercise, 2) an ADIM with pressure bio-feedback units, 3) an ADIM exercise with sling, and 4) an ADIM exercise with sling and vibration. Changes in the thickness and sliding length of TrA were measured when ADIM was conducted in the supine position prior to exercise and again when beginning the exercises. Following exercise, changes in the thickness and sliding length of TrA were measured using the same methods. Differences in group measurements prior to and following exercise were compared using a one-way analysis of variance. A paired t-test was applied to compare the before and after differences within each group. Results: Differences in TrA thickness change revealed that the ADIM exercise with sling and vibration group showed a significant difference in measurements taken prior to and following exercise. Differences in TrA length change revealed that the ADIM exercise with sling and vibration group showed a significant difference in measurements taken prior to and following exercise. Conclusion: ADIM exercise with vibration stimulation conducted in the bridge posture while in a prone position using a sling can be recommended as an effective exercise to improve the function of lumbar TrA.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Medicine & Therapy Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2018

Objective: The aimes of this study is to analyze the effects of presbycusis on the quality of life. Method: 47-elderly were participated. The participants were divided into the suspected hearing impaired group (N=18) and the within normal limits (WNL) group (N=29). One-way ANOVA was performed to determine the association between the HHIE and WHOQOL-BREF scores by age group, and independent t-test was carried out to analyze the inter-group relations. Results: The scores in WHOQOL-BREF differed significantly by age group (p=.011): people in their sixties scored $3.7{\pm}.62$, those in their seventies $3.3{\pm}.56$, and those in their eighties $2.8{\pm}.60$, with significant differences observed. There were statistically significant inter-group differences (p=.000), with significant differences observed. Conclusion: The quality of life of the elderly were lowered depending on age and hearing impairment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.191-195
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate whether types of sensory-stimuli cues in terms of visual, auditory, and visuoauditory cues can be affected to motor sequential learning in healthy adults, using serial reaction time task. Methods: Twenty four healthy subjects participated in this study, who were randomly allocated into three groups, in terms of visual-stimuli (VS) group, auditory-stimuli (AS) group, and visuoauditory-stimuli (VAS) group. In SRT task, eight Arabic numbers were adopted as presentational stimulus, which were composed of three different types of presentational modules, in terms of visual, auditory, and visuoauditory stimuli. On an experiment, all subjects performed total 3 sessions relevant to each stimulus module with a pause of 10 minutes for training and pre-/post-tests. At the pre- and post-tests, reaction time and accuracy were calculated. Results: In reaction time, significant differences were founded in terms of between-subjects, within-subjects, and interaction effect for group ${\times}$ repeated factor. In accuracy, no significant differences were observed in between-group and interaction effect for groups ${\times}$ repeated factor. However, a significant main effect of within-subjects was observed. In addition, a significant difference was showed in comparison of differences of changes between the pre- and post-test only in the reaction time among three groups. Conclusion: This study suggest that short-term sequential motor training on one day induced behavioral modification, such as speed and accuracy of motor response. In addition, we found that motor training using visual-stimuli cue showed better effect of motor skill acquisition, compared to auditory and visuoauditory-stimuli cues.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.49-53
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to examine differences in the association between straight and curved walking abilities of inpatients in the subacute phase and walking independence level. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Subjects were divided into an independent group and a supervised group (n=10 each) by walking independence level within the ward decided by physical therapists. Inclusion criteria comprised the ability to ambulate independently within the ward, regardless of the use of walking aids. Straight walking abilities (walking velocity, stride length, and cadence) were evaluated using the 5-meter walk test. Curved walking abilities were evaluated using the Figure-of-8 Walk Test (F8W) and the 3-meter zigzag walk test (3ZW). Differences in associations between straight and curved walking abilities of inpatients were examined by calculating correlation coefficients between straight and curved walking abilities. Results: Age, walking velocity, stride length, F8W and 3ZW varied markedly between independent and supervised groups. In the independent group, F8W and 3ZW correlated significantly with walking velocity and cadence (p<0.05). In the supervised group, F8W correlated significantly with walking velocity and stride length (p<0.05), but 3ZW did not correlate significantly with straight walking abilities. Conclusions: The association between straight and curved walking abilities varied between inpatients who could ambulate independently and inpatients requiring supervision for ambulating. These differences may depend on skill on straight and curved walking abilities. There is a possibility that curved walking exercise is necessary for supervised group.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2016

The present study tested if individual speakers showing great sound change in segments (i.e., vowels and fricatives) also had innovative changing patterns in suprasegmental properties (i.e., lexical pitch accents) in Kyungsang Korean. The acoustic analysis at a group level first confirmed the presence of group level differences in distinguishing /ɨ-ʌ/ and /s-s'/ both of which had different phonemic distinction from Seoul Korean. Younger speakers had more innovative segmental change than older speakers, and even within the younger generation, female speakers produced more innovative phonetic variants than male speakers. Regarding the individual observation within the younger group, the younger speakers with large acoustic distinction in vowels and fricatives also showed acoustically less distinct accent patterns, indicating the innovative sound change pattern consistent across segment and suprasegmental properties. The group and individual observations suggested that linguistic innovators introduced new phonetic variants with consistent degree of changing pattern between segment and suprasegmental properties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2004

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of breed-by-chitosan supplementation on the major economic traits in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, one-day-old broiler chicks were fed ad libitum on a basal diet (CON-group) or basal diet containing chitosan at an inclusion level of 10.5 mg/bird/day (EXP-group). The EXP-group birds in experiments 2 and 3 were supplemented from 15 day-old by the same amount of chitosan used in experiment 1. In experiment 1, the mean body weight of the EXP-group chickens was significantly (p<0.05) heavier in comparison with those of CON-group birds from day 21 of the experiment. Especially in 35 day-old mean body weight, the EXP-group birds of Arbor Acres, Peterson, and Ross were significantly (p<0.05) heavier by 121.8 g, 118.5 g, and 242.8 g than the CON-group birds, respectively. However, the mean body weights in experiments 2 and 3 did not significantly differ between the CON-group birds and the EXP-group birds fed with chitosan supplementation from day 15 post birth. In the comparisons among breeds on the mean body weight at 35 day-old, the birds of Arbor Acres were significantly (p<0.05) heavier than ones of Peterson or Ross; however, there were no significant differences between Peterson and Ross or Cobb and Ross birds in overall in the experiments. The mean 15-35 d FCR of the EXP-group birds in experiment 1 were significantly (p<0.05) lower at least in two of the three breeds (Arbor Acres and Ross breeds) than that of the CON-group birds. None of the mean 15-35 d FCR in either experiment 2 or 3 showed significant differences between groups within a breed. In all three experiments, the differences amongst breeds in the mean 15-35 d FCR were not great either. Significant differences were not generally shown in the mean percentage of abdominal fat deposition between groups within a breed in overall experiments except in the Cobb breed in experiment 3. The mean percentages of abdominal fat deposition were significantly (p<0.05) lower in Ross birds than in Arbor Acres or Peterson birds and in Cobb birds than in Ross birds. By the results of the analysis of variance, the interaction of breed-by-diet (chitosan) supplementation on any of the major economic traits including mean percentage of abdominal fat deposition was not significant in overall experiments. Results of these experiments indicate that dietary supplementation with chitosan for the improvement of growth or feed conversion ratio in broilers has an efficacy when the supplementation begins from day-old.