• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.449-454
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• 1992

Eight healthy Holstein bulls, 4-6 years old were used to study the effect of season of the year on the incidence of the morphologically abnormal spermatozoa. Semen was collected twice a week by A. V. over one-year period. The percentage of total abnormal spermatozoa was $14.1{\pm}0.5$. Ejaculates collected during hot summer season had significantly higher incidence of abnormal spermatozoa than those collected during winter time. Warm spring had moderate semen abnormality. In addition to its effect on the total number of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa, season affected significantly the primary as well as the secondary types of abnormalities. The differences between incidence of primary and secondary types of abnormalities were not significant for all seasons and seasons pooled together. The ratio between the total forms of abnormality in the head, mid-piece and tail of spermatozoa was as 1:1.5:1. Head and mid-piece had defected more during summer compared with both winter and spring. There was no variation in tail abnormalities due to season. The significant effect of season on head was observed by large, pyriform, free and detached heads, while that on mid-piece was by swollen, coiled mid-pieces and protoplasmic droplets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.439-447
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• 1992

Eight healthy Holstein bulls, 4-6 years old were used to study the effect of season of the year on the biophysical characteristics of semen. Semen was collected twice a week by AV (artificial vagina) over one-year period. The analyses revealed that all the basic seminal traits studied were differed significantly due to season, except the ejaculate volume and consistency and the percentage of swollen spermatozoa in a hypo-osmotic fructose-citrate solution. Ejaculates collected during hot summer season had significantly lower sperm motility, concentration and total counts, and higher percentage of dead spermatozoa than those collected during winter time. Warm spring had moderate semen quality. The temperature-humidity index was calculated and it was associated (p < 0.01) negatively with the ejaculate pH, sperm concentration and total counts, and positively with the % of dead sperms. Ejaculate volume, percentage of swollen spermatozoa, individual motilities did not correlate significantly with the change in temperature-humidity index values. The total live, motile spermatozoa per ejaculate during both the winter and spring seasons showed significant increase of about 37% and 32% respectively over the summer season. Also, rectal temperatures of the bulls were elevated during the hot summer season, while the values of blood hemoglobin and packed-cell volume were decreased.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2010

Two male reticulated giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), 21-year-old, died of nutritional deficiency that primarily caused by serious tooth wear at Seoul Zoo in winter. A 970 kg-weighed giraffe showed tooth wear of premolars, molars and incisors at necropsy. A foreign body in the rumen, congestion and ulcer of abomasum and duodenum were also observed. Mild appearance of serous fat atrophy in pericardial sac suggests that lack of nutritional intake caused by tooth wear can become harmful enough to threat life. At the necropsy of a 1,290 kg-weighed giraffe, a large quantity of sandy soil were found in the rumen which would stuck the pathway of well-fermented ruminal contents at esophageal groove. Nutritional deficiency could be suspected to urge this giraffe to graze grass on the ground along with sandy soil. Secondarily, the soil damaged teeth and become a culprit making irregular tooth wear and mild serous fat atrophy. Nutritionally good care of geriatric animals is needed especially for browsing animals like giraffes and critically in winter season.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2019

Since 2009, electricity consumption has developed a unique seasonal pattern in South Korea. Winter loads have sharply increased, and they eventually exceeded summer peaks. This trend reversal distinguishes these load patterns from those in the USA and the EU, where annual peaks are observed during the summer months. Using Levene's test, we show statistical evidence of a rise in temperature but a decrease in variance over time regardless of the season. Despite the overall increase in the temperature, regardless of the season there should be another cause of the increased demand for electricity in winter. With the present study using data from 1991 to 2012, we provide empirical evidence that relatively low electricity prices regulated by the government have contributed significantly to the rapid upward change in electricity consumption, specifically during the winter months in the commercial sector in Korea.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.57-61
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• 2009

Three years($2004{\sim}2007$) survey was conducted on the incidence of silkworm diseases namely, Grasserie, Flacherie, Muscardine and Uzi fly, a silkworm pest with 150 sericulture farmers in the districts of Chittoor and Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh. The data revealed that grasserie and flacherie incidence were maximum in summer season and minimum in winter season whereas muscardine was observed high in winter season in both the areas and rarely in rainy season in Chittoor and Anantapur districts. An improvement of 11.16 and 7.6 kg cocoons/100 dfls were recorded in the batches of PM xCSR2 Diseases free layings(Dfls) reared in rearing houses disinfected with 2% bleaching powder and Ankush, a plant based bed disinfectant applied as per schedule, respectively. The Uzi fly incidence was suppressed by 61.02% in batches where the integrated package was adopted for control of Uzi fly infestation.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Geothermal and Hydrothermal Energy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

In order to evaluate the performance of ground heat source in thermal labyrinth on pre-heating in winter season and pre-cooling in summer season, the followings are made as a conclusion through case study of H project by using the weather data from Korea meteorological administration and CFD model. By making outdoor air inlet via ground heat source in thermal labyrinth for conduction, convection and etc., the temperature rise is $13.4^{\circ}C$as the effect of pre-heating in winter season. On the other hand, as the effect of pre-cooling in summer season, the temperature decrease is $7.2^{\circ}C$. The energy saving rate by the application of ground heat source in thermal labyrinth is 9.1%.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.719-724
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is on the performance evaluation of horizontally installed HGHEX(Horizontal-type Geothermal Heat Exchanger) in the summer season and the winter season. Followings are the results. By the result of data acquisition at the site, $2.5{\sim}2.7^{\circ}C$ temperature differences are gained between supply pipes and return pipes of HGHEX in the summer season. And $0.5{\sim}1.5^{\circ}C$ temperature differences are gained from HGHEX in the winter season. With these temperature differences, heat quantity of rejection and absorption is calculated and the performance of HGHEX is evaluated according to the seasons.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07c
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• pp.935-938
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• 1998

This paper presents the method of load management to measure the winter season's load characteristics of distribution pole transformers. The proposed load model constructed used by the quadratic load correlation coefficients. To verify the estimated model, we compared with linear model by calculation results. The results can contribute an improvement of conventional load management method.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 1990

The values of blood composition were analyzed by age, season, and sex from Chejuhorse in Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follow; 1. The values of white blood cell(WBC), packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC) were significantly different between age. The WBC value was decreased with the progress of age and the PCV value was lower in the early age of 1,2 to 3 years than in the higher age of 4 to 5, and over 6 years. 2. The mean value of MCV was increased with the progress of age but the adverse was true in MCHC. 3. In the case of seasons, the values of red blood cell(RBC), WBC, hemoglobin(Hb) PCV, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), MCHC, globulin(Glo), albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio, inorganic phosphorus(Pi), cholesterol(Chol), and chlorine(Cl) showed significant differences. The number of RBC was not varied from winter to summer but decreased in autumn. The number of WBC was high in summer and autumn, but low in winter and spring. 4. The values of MCV were high in autumn and winter, but low in spring and summer. 5. The values of MCH and MCHC were similar in spring and summer, but strikingly increased in autumn. 6. The values of Glo and A/G ratio were negatively correlated with the season; The value of A/G ratio was lowest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn and winter. On the other hand, the value of Glo was highest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn, and winter. 7. The values of Pi, Chol, and CI were high in summer and winter, but low in spring and autumn. 8. The values of RBC, MCV, and MCH were significantly different between sex. The value of the RBC count in male was higer than the female, but the adverse is true in MCV, and MCH.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.18 no.1_2
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• pp.15-20
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• 2012

Economic feasibility was analyzed for packaging of chives, which are currently distributed without packaging. The additional revenue from packaging of chives was estimated to be 3,471 million won in summer season (May to September in Korea) and 3,083 million won in winter season (October to April). But, the additional cost due to packaging was estimated to be 1,926 million won in summer season and 1,254 million won in Winter season. Thus, net profits were estimated to be 1,545 million won and 1,829 million won respectively. In terms of unit (1.4 kg), the net profit with packaged distribution estimated to be 247.9 won/unit in summer season and 226.5 won/unit in winter season, respectively. therefore, total profit through packaging was estimated to be 2,799 million won per year.