• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.184-189
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• 2011

'Younghan' (Hordeum vulgare L.), a winter barley for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration in 2008. It was derived from a cross between $F_1$['YB3433-3B-5'/'YB3135-3B-2-3'] and 'YB3135-3B-2-3'. 'SB971305-B-B-B-4-4' line was selected for its earliness, resistance to disease and good agronomic characteristics. The promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials in Iksan in 2004 to 2005, and designated as 'Iksan420'. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield at eight locations throughout Korea for two years from 2007 to 2008 and finally named as 'Younghan'. It has the growth habit of IV, erect plant type, green leaf and thick culm in diameter. Its heading date was April 24, and the maturing date was May 25 in paddy field conditions, which were one day earlier than those of the check cultivar 'Youngyang'. The cultivar 'Younghan' had better winter hardiness, and resistance to lodging and BaYMV than those of the check cultivar did. The average forage dry matter yield of 'Younghan' was approximately 12.0 MT/ha in adapted region. 'Younghan' also showed 8.5% of crude protein content, 27.2% of ADF, and 67.1% of TDN, including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for (area with daily minimum temperature in January) above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

"Sukang", a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross "Suwon266" / "Asakaze" during 1994. "Sukang" was evaluated as "Iksan312" in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2005. It was tested in the regional yield trial test between 2006 and 2008. "Sukang" is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to "Keumkang" (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of "Sukang" were similar to "Keumkang". Culm and spike length of "Sukang" were 90 cm and 8.1 cm, longer culm length and similar spike length compared to "Keumkang" (80 cm and 7.9 cm, respectively). "Sukang" had similar test weight (819 g/L) and lower 1,000-grain weight (40.2 g) than "Keumkang" (813 g/L and 44.9 g, respectively). "Sukang" showed resistance to winter hardiness and pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the high ridge (4.5%) and rate of pre-harvest sprouting (0.2%) than "Keumkang" (21.9% and 30.4%, respectively). "Sukang" had lower flour yield (71.1%) and higher ash content (0.45%) than "Keumkang" (74.1% and 0.42%, respectively). "Sukang" showed lower lightness (89.13) and higher yellowness (10.93) in flour color than "Keumkang" (90.02 and 9.28, respectively). It showed higher protein content (12.8%) and gluten content (11.1%) and lower SDS-sedimentation volume (56.8 ml) and mixing time of mixograph (2.6 min) than "Keumkang" (11.9%, 10.2%, 62.3 ml and 4.7 min, respectively). Fermentation properties, amylose content and pasting properties of "Sukang" were similar to "Keumkang". "Sukang" showed different compositions in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, $2^{\ast}$, 13+16, 2+12) and puroindolines (pina-1b/pinb-1a) compared to "Keumkang" ($2^{\ast}$, 7+8, 5+10 in HMW-GS and Pina-1a/Pinb-1b in puroindolines, respectively). "Sukang" showed lower hardness (4.53 N) and similar springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.94 and 0.63) compared to "Keumkang" (4.65 N, 0.93 and 0.64, respectively). Average yield of "Sukang" in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.34 MT/ha in upland and 4.72 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 4% and 1% lower than those of "Keumkang" (5.55 MT/ha and 4.77 MT/ha, respectively). "Sukang" would be suitable for the area above $-10^{\circ}C$ of daily minimum temperature in January in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2009

"Hanbaek", a white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar was developed by the National Institute of Crop Science, RDA. It was derived from the cross "Shan7859/Keumkang"//"Guamuehill" during 1996. "Hanbaek" was evaluated as "Iksan314" in Advanced Yield Trial Test in 2005. It was tested in the regional yield trial between 2006 and 2008. "Hanbaek" is an awned, semi-dwarf and hard winter wheat, similar to "Keumkang" (check cultivar). The heading and maturing date of "Hanbaek" were similar to that of "Keumkang". Culm and spike length of "Hanbaek" were 89 cm and 9.0 cm, which longer culm length and spike length than "Keumkang" (80 cm and 7.9 cm, respectively). "Hanbaek" had lower test weight (797 g) and higher 1,000-grain weight (47.7 g) than "Keumkang" (813 g and 44.9 g, respectively). "Hanbaek" showed resistance to winter hardiness and susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting, which lower withering rate on the high ridge (4.4%) and higher rate of pre-harvest sprouting (47.9%) than "Keumkang" (21.9% and 30.4%, respectively). "Hanbaek" had similar flour yield (74.4%) to "Keumkang" (74.1%) and higher ash content (0.45%) than "Keumkang" (0.42%). "Hanbaek" showed lower lightness (89.13) and similar redness and yellowness (-0.87 and 10.93) in flour color than "Keumkang" (90.02, -1.23 and 9.28, respectively). It showed similar protein content (12.8%) SDS-sedimentation volume (63.0 ml) and gluten content (10.8%) to those of "Keumkang" (11.9%, 62.3 ml and 10.2%, respectively). It showed lower water absorption (59.6%) and mixing time (3.8 min) in mixograph and higher fermentation volume (1,350 ml) than those of "Keumkang" (60.6%, 4.7 min and 1,290 ml, respectively). Amylose content and pasting properties of "Hanbaek " were similar to those of "Keumkang". "Hanbaek" showed same compositions in high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS, 2*, 13+16, 2+12), granule bound starch synthase (Wx-A1a, Wx-B1a, and Wx-D1a) and puroindolines (Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b) compared to "Keumkang". "Hanbaek" showed lower hardness (4.22N) and similar springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles (0.94 and 0.63) to those of "Keumkang" (4.65N, 0.93 and 0.64, respectively). Average yield of "Hanbaek" in the regional adaptation yield trial was 5.98 MT/ha in upland and 5.05 MT/ha in paddy field, which was 8% and 6% higher than those of "Keumkang" (5.55 MT/ha and 4.77 MT/ha, respectively). "Hanbaek" would be suitable for the area above the daily minimum temperature of $-10^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 2007

Freezing hardiness of winter bud and branch according to dormancy level and low temperature, in persimmon (Diospyros kaki) cultivars, was investigated by electrolyte leaching rate, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) test, and sprouting. Electrolyte leaching rate was lowest in branch of 20th January and was highest in the 20th March. The electrolyte leaching rate of 'Fuyu' and 'Cheongdobansi' was high in the 20th January and was low in the 20th February, but 'Uenishiwase' and 'Nishimurawase' was opposed to that. 'Hachiva' was the middle level in the cultivars. Absence rate by TTC test was highest in the 20th January and was low in the others. The 20th March had a great decrease in $-10^{\circ}C$ treatment. The absence rate of 'Fuyu' and 'Uenishiwase' was low in the 20th January and March and was high in the 20th February. 'Nishimurawase' and 'Hachiya' had a high level irrespective of dormancy level. Sprouting was highest in the 20th February and was lowest in 20th March. Most cultivars were not sprout in $-20^{\circ}C$ treatment and 'Fuyu', 'Nishimurawase' and 'Cheongdobansi' was a little high level irrespective of dormancy level. 'Hachiya' was only high in the 20th January. Thus, freezing hardiness of persimmon was very weak low temperature after dormancy breaking and was not different between astringent and non-astringent persimmon.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2014

Freezing hardiness of winter bud and branch of several pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars according to degree and duration of low temperatures was investigated by sprouting, electrolyte leaching rate and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Sprouting rate as infected by degree and duration of low temperature were different between cultivars. The lower temperature, the longer duration, sprouting rate was decreased. Electrolyte leaching rate was showed above 30% at below $-30^{\circ}C$ treatment regardless of cultivars and duration. The lower temperature and the longer duration, Electrolyte leaching rate was increased. Electrolyte leaching rates of Manpungbae, Niitaka and Chuwhangbae at $-30^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours treatment which were observed high sprouting rate, were lower than those of other varieties. Absorbance rates by TTC test at $-21^{\circ}C$ treatment were 66.0 to 96.5% for 6 hours, 49.4 to 91.9% for 9 hours, and 37.3 to 89.4% for 12 hours. Freezing hardiness of pear cultivars at ecodormancy was different according to degree and duration of low temperature treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.123-127
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• 1969

The studies were conducted to know the relationship between $\beta$-amlyase activities and hardiness for the germinated seedlings of, winter wheat varieties which were classified with eye estimated cold resistance in field as, susceptible, moderate and resistant. These varieties were tested in continued five days from germination in four replicated split plot design. For the measurement of $\beta$-amylase, improved A. K. Balls method (2) was employed. Result obtained will be summarized as follows. 1. Tested varieties showed highly significant differences in $\beta$-amylase activity, while no differences were obtained between dates after germination. 2. Winter hardy varieties, Yukseung ＃3, Chin Kwang and Suwon＃85 showed higher amylase activities than the moderate hardy varieties, Jukdalma, Kangdosinryuk and Norin ＃4, while lower activities were measured in susceptible varieties, Norin ＃6, Kangdo and Norin＃12. 3. With measurement of $\beta$-amylase activity, rurther detail classification to cold resistance is seemed available than eye-estimating in the field condition. 4. In accordance with testing dates, amylase activities were not so clear on 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th days from germination, while clear differences were found on 3rd day from germination. 5. Amylase activity obtained on 3rd day after germination is considered easy and effective method to estimate cold resistance of wheat varieties with a classification standard.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.168-172
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• 2009

'Punghan' (Avena sativa L.), a winter oat for forage use, was developed by the breeding team at the Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2008. It was derived from a cross between 'Beltsville 61-150 (IT133501)' and $F_1$ between 'Sikyonggwiri' and 'PA202-210'. A oat cultivar from USA, 'Beltsville 61-150', has a high cold tolerance, while the $F_1$ between 'Sikyonggwiri' and 'PA202-210' has early heading and high yielding with large-size grain. Subsequent enerations followed by the cross were handled in bulk and pedigree selection programs at Suwon and Yeoncheon, respectively. A line, 'SO99013-B-YB-31', was selected for earliness and good agronomic characteristics and designated as a line name of 'Gwiri 60'. The line 'Gwiri 60' was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and forage yield in five locations, Yesan, Cheongwon, Iksan, Kimjae, and Jeju, from 2006 to 2008 and finally named as 'Punghan'. Over 3 years, the average forage dry matter yield of 'Punghan' harvested at milk-ripe stage was $14.5\;ton\;ha^{-1}$, compared with $13.6\;ton\;ha^{-1}$ of check cultivar 'Samhan'. 'Punghan' is about 2 days earlier in heading date than check cultivar. 'Punghan' is adapted primarily for winter planting use in the mid-southern regions of Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.161-169
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• 2012

The RCP 8.5 scenario based temperature outlook (12.5 km resolution) was combined with high-definition gridded temperature maps (30 m grid spacing) across the Korean Peninsula in order to reclassify the cold hardiness zone for winter barley, a promising grain crop in the future under warmer winter conditions. Reference maps for the January minimum and mean temperature were prepared by applying the watershed-specific geospatial climate prediction schemes to the synoptic observations from 1981 to 2010 across North and South Korea. Decadal changes in the January minimum and mean temperatures projected by a regional version of RCP8.5 climate change scenario were prepared for the 2011-2100 period at 12.5 km grid spacing and were subsequently added to the reference maps, producing the 30 m resolution temperature surfaces for 9 decades from 2011 to 2100. A criterion for threshold temperature to grow winter barley safely in Korea was applied to the future temperature surfaces and the resulting maps were used to predict the production potential of 3 cultivar groups for the 9 future decades under the projected temperature conditions. By 2020s, hulled barley cultivars could be grown safely at the southern part of North Korea as well as the mountainous Gangwon province. Furthermore, most of South Korean rice paddies will be safe for growing naked barley after harvesting rice. Also, dual cropping systems such as 'winter-barley after rice' could be possible at most of the North Korean rice paddies by 2040s. Additional grain production in North Korea could increase up to 4 million tons per year if dual cropping systems can be fully operated, i.e., winter barley after rice at all lowlands and winter barley after maize or potato at all uplands.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.56-60
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• 2009

A new naked oat cultivar Daeyang (Avena sativa L.) was developed by Department of Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA in 2007. It was derived from a cross between 'FLX446-1-84-Q1'. and 'SO92004-B-3-3-5-7'. The FLX446-1-84-Q1, a naked oat cultivar from USA, is early heading and has good seed quality, while the SO92004-B-3-3-5-7, a covered oat breeding line, has a high yield with large grain. Subsequent generations were handled in a bulk method and pedigree selection program, and the SO97013-B-16-4 was selected based on agronomic performance in 2001. The line showed both high yield and good husking rate of seed in the yield trial tested at Suwon from 2002 to 2003, being designated as Gwiri51. The Gwiri51 was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in four locations, Gimje, Iksan, Jeongeup, and Jinju, from 2004 to 2007 and was designated as "Daeyang" and released. Its heading date was May 8 and maturing time was June 14 in a paddy field condition. The new cultivar Daeyang had 97 cm of culm length and 25.2 cm of spike length, 644 spikes per $m^2$, 65 grains per spike, 30.3 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 635 g of test weight. Daeyang showed better winter hardiness than that of the check cultivar 'Sunyang', and similar seed quality to the check cultivar in respect to percent content crude protein and $\beta$-glucan. However, it showed higher husking rate than the check cultivar. Grain yield of Daeyang in the regional yield trial for 4 years were averaged 4.18 MT $ha^{-1}$, which was 20% higher than that of the check cultivar Sunyang. Fall sowing cropping is recommended only in a south area where daily minimum mean temperatures are averaged higher than $-4^{\circ}C$ in January, and should be excluded in mountain area where frost damage is presumable.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2009

A new six-rowed naked barley cultivar "Jinjuchal" with high whiteness after cooking and high $\beta$-glucan content was developed from the cross between 'Jinmichapssalbori' with high winter hardiness, lodging tolerance, grain whiteness and pearling yield, and 'Suwon 333' with waxy endosperm by the Honam Agricultural Research Institute (HARI), NICS, RDA in 2007. An elite line, SB962002G-B-B-B-84-4 was selected in 2002 and designated as 'Iksan 79' It showed good agronomic performance in the regional yield trials (RYT) from 2005 to 2007 and was released with the name of "Jinjuchal" possessing high whiteness and low proanthocyanidin waxy endosperm. The average heading and maturing dates of "Jinjuchal" were April 27 and June 1 in paddy field, which were same and one day later than those of the check cultivar 'Saechalssalbori' respectively. The new cultivar, "Jinjuchal" had 81 cm of culm length that was 1cm longer than that of 'Saechalssalbori' and 4.9 cm of spike length. It showed 673 spikes per $m^2$, 56 grains per spike, 27.0 g of 1,000-grain weight, and 752 g of test weight. "Jinjuchal" showed stronger hardiness and better resistance to powdery mildew and BaYMV (Barley yellow mosaic virus) than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' It showed higher $\beta$-glucan content(8.4%) and water absorption rate than those of the check cultivar, 'Saechalssalbori' Its average yield of the pearled grain in the regional yield trial was 3.79 MT/ha in upland, and 3.73 MT/ha in paddy field, which were 1% lower and 3% higher than those of the check cultivar, respectively. Total phenol and proanthocyanidin contents were 4.2 and 0.2 mg/g, respectively. This cultivar is suitable for the area of the daily minimum temperature above $-6^{\circ}C$ in January in Korean peninsula.