• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2004년도 추계학술발표대회논문집 제23권 2호
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• pp.35-38
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• 2004

In this paper, we investigate and analyze the problems encountered in frame-based estimation of TDOA(Time Difference of Arrival) using CPSP function. Spectral leakage occurring in framing of a speech signal by a rectangular window makes estimation of CPSP spectrum inaccurate. Framing with a Hamming window to reduce the spectral leakage effect distorts the signal due to the different weighting at temporally same sample, which make the TDOA estimation using CPSP function inaccurate. In this paper, we solve this problem by reducing the dynamic range of the spectrum of a speech signal with preemphasis. Experimental results confirm that the framing of pre-emphasized microphone output with a rectangular window shows higher success ratio of TDOA estimation than any other framing methods.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.461-470
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 CPSP (Cross Power Spectrum Phase) 함수를 이용한 프레임 기반의 TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) 추정시 나타나는 문제점들을 분석하고 연구하였다. 구형 윈도우함수를 이용해서 음성신호의 프레임을 추출할 때 나타나는 스펙트럼 누설현상은 CPSP 스펙트럼의 추정을 부정확하게 한다. 또한 스펙트럼 누설을 줄이기 위하여 구형이 아닌 다른 윈도우함수를 사용하여 프레임을 추출하면 프레임의 끝부분에서 발생하는 윈도우함수 가중치의 불일치 때문에 신호를 왜곡시킨다. 이 문제점들은 CPSP 기반의 TDOA 추정성능을 감소시킨다. 본 논문에서는 음성신호의 프리엠퍼시스를 이용하여 이러한 문제점들을 완화시키는 방법을 제안한다. 프리엠퍼시스된 음성신호의 다이나믹 레인지를 줄여줌으로써 스펙트럼 누설을 감소 시킨다. 제안한 프리엠퍼시스 방법을 검증하기 위하여, 다양한 잡음 및 잔향환경에서 TDOA 추정실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과 프라엠퍼시스된 마이크 출력에 구형 윈도우함수를 적용시켜 CPSP를 구할 경우 프리엠퍼시스를 하지 않거나 다른 윈도우를 사용하는 경우에 비해 TDOA 추정성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2014

In the design process of ship or its comprising components, the key to the successful design is how to guarantee the structural safety satisfying the international standard and regulation, which sometimes is not clear enough to cover the detail designs. This study deals with the design procedure for submersible viewing window installed in catamaran. As the window material, the Plexiglass, a type of reinforced plastic, is considered to satisfy the design requirements of international standard. Window thickness is calculated using geometric nonlinear finite element analysis, in order to take into account possible large deformation due to low stiffness of the Plexiglass, and the results are compared with those determined by the procedure specified in ISO12216. Finally, for the validation of proposed design, the pressure test had been carried out following the procedure specified in the standard, and structural safety was checked.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제8호
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• pp.58-64
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• 1996

People live in an environment which affects the human b by way of ‘Affordance’ .. And the interaction between h human and the surrounding environment arises ‘the sense of place' through adoptation. Considering the human emo¬t tional and psychological needs, besides the functionalones, for the design of environment gives ‘the place’ the h humanized atmosphere. Then the viewing-window, re¬f fleeting the dweller’s sensibility and aesthetic aspect, be¬c comes an important design element for the human interi¬o or atmosphere. G Generally, the view has the character of the Panorama a and sometimes of the Picture. And the viewing - window t transfigures the visual effects by ways of ‘Framing’, at t taching the ’Screen’ and ‘Successive development' of the views through openings on the wall. Hence this study w was developed from the aesthethic view-points of archi t tecture, cinema, picture and photography etc., and the c conclusions are as follows. T The ‘Frame’ limits the boundary of the view into a p particular area, while the ‘Screen’ changes the clear view t to an obscure one. And the wall-openings located with i intervals show the fragments of the outer view in a suc¬c cessive way. And these techniques applied to the viewing window make the viewer have the associated meanings d derived from the ‘Guided Projection'. So, the associative p psychology of the viewer complements the partiality, ob¬s scurity and brokenness of the view into a complete one, a and finally the view comes to be an aesthetic one to the v vIewer.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-17
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is the analysis of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' with a structural character of Ddeulzip in Andong cultural area. There are many structural methods to solve the problems of Ddeuljip which is connected space in the rectangular type. There are 'Slope Base', 'Woosangak' roof, 'Seosangak' roof, and '4 beam roof framing' Moreover, they have been used 'perpendicular crossing Dori'. Its characters are as follows ; 1. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is occurred in different depth of width and length space of 'ㄱ' typed plan. At that time the beam of width is crossed in the middle of the beam of length without the order under them. 2. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is the method of free depth of width in regular distance of column which is different from general usage of balcony order. 3. The 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is founded north-western area of Andong Cultural Area(Bonghwa, Andong, Youngju, and Yeacheun). The best old sample was in Andong(16C) and the next is Yeacheun(17C) and the last is Bonghwa(18C). 4. The frequency in use of roof type of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is 64% of 'Seosangak' and 36% of 'Woosangak'. The sample of 'Woosangak' house of 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is concentrated in Bonghwa. 5. The best merit of the 'perpendicular crossing Dori' structure is usage of double swing window in front of Anbang, It is the spacial success which overcomes the structural limits. And it is the structural rationality.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

The old Samcheok construction company housing in Donghae City was built for employees of Nitrogenous lime factory with railway construction in 1939. The 31 company houses are arranged in a rows including a House A, two No. 2 and 3 Houses, a dormitory, 12 row houses of two households, and 15 row houses of four households. At present, they are preserved with prototype at that time of building as a private company. Researching the architectural characteristics from A and No. $2{\cdot}3$ detached houses of them, the results are as follows. The tea room, living room, and kitchen are centralized and connected with toilet, bathroom, and maid's room by corridor. The exterior wall was finished with paintwork on cement mortar on stud wall framing plastered. The key exterior elements such as diamond shaped asbestos slate, large openings, corner bay window, lintel cornice are in accordance with drawings that they were first designed. The wooden roof structure is based on the structure that supports transverse load with a beam and beam plate instead of thrust. The kitchen and toilet are remodelled and only seem to be a mere shadow of their former self, but the position of sink and toilet bowl is the same as before.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.19-34
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the assignment and the procurement method of wood works' craftsman through the Salleung-dogamuigwes in royal tombs constructions in the late Joseon period. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. First, Carpenter and other nine craftsmen were introduced in carpentry works. The craftsmen were put in by occupation to maintain the quality of the government building construction by wood processing area. It was distinguished by frame member, Sujangjae, window framing wood, decorative member. Second, sawyer showed a sharp increase in the latter half of the 18th century and declined since the middle of the 19th century. This is closely related to the increase in demand for building materials and the growth of civilian wood products. As a maximum of 300 people have been assigned to the craftsmen in the woodwork, it can be seen that the work has been divided by the process. Third, the national carpenter was difficult to procure from the 17th century to the beginning of the 18th century. From the middle 18th century, the system procuring national carpenter was stabilized. In the 19th century, the input ratio of the national craftsmen seems to have decreased significantly and seems to have kept it at the minimum level. Forth, sawyer were procured through Seongonggam from the late 18th century through the mid 19th century. That means that the role of the sawyer had become important. Since Jogakjang is not a necessary manpower, it usually has civilian artisans.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

Debates on what is the first skyscraper have been ongoing from time to time since the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in 1885, which is generally recognized as the first built skyscraper. This paper attempts to verify this assertion through a detailed investigation after identifying the criteria that characterize a skyscraper. By considering and examining several competing buildings for the title of "first skyscraper" in terms of their levels of satisfying these criteria, the paper reconfirms that the Home Insurance Building in Chicago indeed qualifies as the first skyscraper and is the harbinger of future skyscrapers. By introducing technological and associated architectural innovations in this pioneering building, its designer William Le Baron Jenney paved the way for the construction of future skyscrapers. In traditional construction, heavy masonry walls especially at lower levels did not allow large window openings in exterior walls that would permit ample daylight. For the Home Insurance Building, originally built with 10 stories, Jenney created a metal-framed skeletal structure that carried the building's loads, making the building lighter and allowed for large windows permitting ample natural light to the building's interior. The exterior iron columns were encased in relatively small masonry piers mainly for fireproofing, weather-protection and façade aesthetics. Relying on the structural framing on the building's perimeter, the exterior masonry thus turned into a rudimentary "curtain wall" system, heralding the use of curtain wall construction in future skyscrapers. This building's innovative structural system led to what is known as the "Chicago Skeleton," and eventually produced remarkable skyscrapers all over the world.