• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.1-7
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• 1981

Montane grassland at the summit of Mt. Soback, Korea, was studied to verify the relationships between environmental factors and vegetations on the different slopes. The contents of total nitrogen and excangeable cation and thickness of A-layer of soil in the east slope were greater and thicker than those of the northwest one. Two different community types were observed one, on the east slope, was a grass community and the other, on the northwest, was a grass community. Plant height and annual production of the forb community were taller and greater than those of the grass community. These differences might be correlated with the different of snow depth between two slopes caused by wind in witner. It is clear that the formation of the montane grassland at the study area is mainly caused by fire, wind and topography at the summit.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.40-70
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• 1996

In the literatual study on the cerebral vascular dementia, the results were as follows : 1. Cerebral vascular dementia is so called apoplectic dementia, because it almost occurs after apoplexy, the attack rate has gradually increased by increase of life, so it exert a harmful influence to geriatric diseases. 2. The etiological factors are summarized on deficiency in the heart, kidney, liver(心, 腎, 肝虛), pathogenic wind(豊) pathogenic fire(火) phlegm(痰) and stagnated blood(瘀血) in the oriental medicine, and multiple cerebral infarction, cerebral anemia, decrease of cerebral vascular flow are etiological factors in the occidental medicine. 3. The region of infarction and attack of cerebral vascular dementia have a close connection, and generally the cerebral vascular dementia easily occur in injury of white matter of brain. 4. Symptoms of cerebral vascular dementia are dysphasia, walking disorder, hemiplegia, sensory paralysis, disturbance of memory, judgement, calculation, emotion incontinence, speech impediment, silence or talkative, lower thinking ability and depersonalization, and symptoms are aggravated by stage. 5. Therapeutic herb medicines are Palpungsan(八風散), Baepungsan(排風散), Jinsaanshinhwan(辰砂安神丸), Sabacksan(四白散), Kanghwalyupungsan(姜活愈風散), Woohwangchungshimhwan(牛黃淸心丸), and they are used to dispelling pathogenic wind(祛風), soothe the nerves(安神), dispel pathogenic heat from lung, nourish the blood(淸肺養血).

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.114-128
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• 1996

"Chimumchang" seems to be a kind eczema. The cause and symptom of eczema is similar to that of chimumchang. so, I investigated the literatures of oriental medicin and recent medicine. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Chimumchang seems to be a kind of eczema. Allergic contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatits, neurodermatitis, nummular dermatitis, xerotic eczema and so on are similar to chimumchang on cause & symptom. 2. The cause of chimumchang are summer vital energy excess(夏脈太過), sehwa excess(歲火太過), herat meridian wind-heat(心經風熱), heart fire(心火), wind taken spleen dampnees(脾濕受風), and so on. The cause of eczema are contact of external agent, immunological problem, heridity, infection, abnormalities of sebaceous glands, neurologic dysfuction, and so on. 3. The symptoms of chimumchang have been described to the three pattern on literature of oriental medicine until now. 1) scratching slightly, It has exudation, and combination. 2) Vital energy on skin is irritable by psychological problem. At the acute stage the patient is complain of itching & pain, and gradually the exudation expands in whole body. 3) early peorid it's size is very small, and at first the patient is complain of itching, later complain of pain. The exudation change to ulcer and expands in the whole body. 4. In the investigation of prescription(Total: 34, Oral medicine: 4, Ointment: 30), the most frequently used oral medicine is sungmatang(4 times), and the most frequently used ointment are kohosan, korvunsan and kegwanhyuldobang.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 2022

Objectives : This paper aims to analyze the origins of the pathogenic qi[邪氣] concept through analysis of related character shapes and examples within the Mawangdui Yishu, where we can grasp the state of medicine pre-Huangdineijing. Methods : Etymology was determined through ancient character analysis, while examples of its usage and original texts were compared to extract their implications. For usage analysis, medical texts of later periods that contained similar verses or contents with the Mawangdui text were compared, through which similarities and changes in meaning of the word or verse were examined. Conclusions : While the term 'xieqi(邪氣, pathogenic qi)' had not yet been mentioned in the Mawangdui text, 'eqi(惡氣)' was used similarly. Wind[風], cold[寒], dampness[濕] were not only understood as terms referring to weather or climate but possible causes for disease. Meanwhile, there was lingering belief from the Shang(商) period that saw disease as God's punishment, which could be seen as transition phenomenon from superstition to rational thought. Through diseases 'wind disease[風病]' and 'bi(痹)', we could determine that medicine at the time was limited to the Yin-yang theory, having not yet integrated the Five phases perspective. Moreover, the possibility of other pathogenic qi elements, 'heat[暑]', 'dryness[燥]', and 'fire[火]' could be assumed to have been embedded in 'wenbing(溫病)'.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-245
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• 2023

Forest fuel moisture content is a crucial factor influencing the combustion rate and fuel consumption during forest fires, significantly impacting the occurrence and spread of wildfires. In this study, meteorological data were gathered using a meteorological measuring device (HOBO data logger) installed in the south and north slopes of Kangwon National University Forest, as well as on bare land outside the forest, from November 1, 2021, to October 31, 2022. The objective was to analyze the relationship between meteorological data and fuel moisture content. Fuel moisture content from the ground cover on the south and north slopes was collected. Fallen leaves on the ground were utilized, with a focus on broad-leaved trees (Prunus serrulata, Quercus dentata, Quercus mongolica, and Castanea crenata) and coniferous trees (Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis), categorized by species. Additionally, correlation analysis with fuel moisture content was conducted using temperature (average, maximum, and minimum), humidity (average, minimum), illuminance (average, maximum, and minimum), and wind speed (average, maximum, and minimum) data collected by meteorological measuring devices in the study area. The results indicated a significant correlation between meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, illuminance, and wind speed, and the moisture content of fuels. Notably, exceptions were observed for the moisture content of the on the north slope and that of the ground cover of Prunus serrulata and Castanea crenata.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.317-326
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• 2009

Objectives : This study investigated the correlation between the incidence by the climate of the day and the Stems and Branches(干支) of stroke patients. Methods : From January in 2000 to March in 2008, we studied 370 stroke patients hospitalized at Dongguk University Bundang Hospital. Each participant was investigated for the day's average temperature, the day's average air humidity, the day's average wind speed, and the day's Stems and Branches (干支) in oriental medical theory. Results: Concerning the day's average temperature, the group at a temperature under 18 $^{\circ}C$ had the highest risk. For the day's average air humidity, the group at over 60 % humidity showed a higher ratio of stroke. In respect of the day's average wind speed, the group at speeds under 2.26 $^m/s^2$ (the last 5 years average wind speed in Gyeonggi-do) had a higher risk. In the aspect of Stems and Branches (干支), stroke occurred more in Yin day(陰日) than in Yang day(陽日). In the view of the Five Circuits (五運), the Wood (木) was most common followed by Fire(火). Using the relation between Stems and Branches (干支), the mutuality cooperate pattern was more common than the mutuality control group and same characteristic group. Using the Theory of Five Circuits (五運) and Six Qi (六氣), the Fire group (火) showed the highest risk. The Wood group (木) came next. Conclusions : We could suggest that stroke attack might have some significant relationship with climate, stems, and branches in oriental medical theory.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.1686-1691
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• 2004

The effect of recirculated exhaust gas on performance and exhaust emissions with FGR rate are investigated by using a natural circulation, pressurized draft and water tube boiler with FGR system operating at several boiler loads and over fire air(OFA) damper openings. The purpose of this study is to apply the FGR system to a power plant boiler for reducing $NO_{x}$ emissions. To activate the combustion, the suction damper of two stage combustion system installed in the upper side of wind box is opened by handling the lever between $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ , and the OFA with 0 to 20% into the flame is supplied, as the combustion air supplied to burner is reduced. It is found that the fuel consumption rate divided by evaporation rate does not show an obvious tendency to increase or decrease with rising the FOR rate, and $NO_{x}$ emissions are decreased, at the same OF A damper opening, as FOR rates are elevated and boiler loads are dropped.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Whilst it is clear that increasing temperatures from global environmental change will impact the positions of alpine treelines, it is likely that a range of regional and local scaled factors will mediate the overall impact of global scale climate drivers. We summarized 12 categories of abiotic and biotic factors as 4 groups determining treeline positions. First, there are global factors related to climate-induced growth limitation and carbon limitation. Second, there are seven regional and local factors related to treeline dynamics including frost stress, topography, water stress, snow, wind, fire and non-fire disturbance. Third, species-specific factors can control treeline dynamics through their influence on reproduction and life history traits. Fourth, there are positive feedbacks in structuring the dynamics of treelines. Globally, the commonly accepted growth limitation hypothesis is that growth at a treeline is limited by temperature. Meanwhile, positive feedbacks between canopy cover and tree establishment are likely to control the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of many treelines. The presence of non-linear dynamics at treelines has implications for the use of treelines as barometers of climate change because the lagged responses and abrupt shifts inherent in non-equilibrium systems may combine to mask the overall climate trend.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

In October 2018, a large fire occurred after an explosion in an internal floating roof tank (IFRT) that stores gasoline by wind lantern in Goyang city, Gyeonggi-do. Although there was no casualty damage, the fire inside the tank lasted for 17 hours, and caused a great wave socially, and it was a chance to review the safety of the atmospheric storage tank. In this study, the necessity of installing a flame arrester at peripheral vents was examined through the calculation of the size of ventilation pipe and ventilation rate of internal floating roof tanks in terms of the function of the peripheral vent. Next, the necessity of the emergency shut-off valve linked with the high-level alarm to prevent the overflow of the atmospheric storage tank was confirmed by LOPA. Finally, safety measures to prevent overpressure, flame propagation and overflow which cause major accidents in atmospheric storage tank are suggested.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.363-374
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• 2018

The façade is an important, complex, and costly part of a building, performing multiple objectives of value to the occupants, like protecting from wind, rain, sunlight, heat, cold, and sound. But the frequency of façade fires in large buildings is alarming, and has multiplied by seven times worldwide over the last three decades, to a current rate of 4.8 fires per year. High-performing polymer based materials allow for a significant improvement across several objectives of a facade (e.g., thermal insulation, weight, and construction time) thereby increasing the quality of a building. However, all polymers are flammable to some degree. If this safety problem is to be tackled effectively, then it is essential to understand how different materials, and the façade as a whole, perform in the event of a fire. This paper discusses the drivers for flammability in facades, the interaction of facade materials, and current gaps in knowledge. In doing so, it aims to provide an introduction to the field of façade fires, and to show that because of the drive for thermal efficiency and sustainability, façade systems have become more complex over time, and they have also become more flammable. We discuss the importance of quantifying the flammability of different façade systems, but highlight that it is currently impossible to do so, which hinders research progress. We finish by putting forward an integral framework of design that uses multi-objective optimization to ensure that flammability is minimized while considering other objectives, such as maximizing thermal performance or minimizing weight.