• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1281-1287
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• 2015

This study was performed to determine the effect of field pea silages which were the organic acid (OA) alternative of oregano and cinnamon essential oils on fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Whole crop pea was harvested at full pod stage and wilted in the laboratory at the 48 h. The chopped pea was mixed and divided into equal portions allocated to five groups: CON (non-treated), distilled water, denoted as control group; OA group, a mixture of 60% formic acid, 20% sodium formate and 20% water applied at a rate of 5 g/kg fresh forage (Silofarm Liquid, Farmavet); origanum (ORE) group, Origanum onites essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; cinnamon (CIN) group, cinnamon essential oil at 400 mg/kg fresh forage; origanum+cinnamon (ORECIN) group, a mixture of ORE and CIN applied at an equal rate of 400 mg/kg fresh forage. Cinnamon decreased acetic acid (AA), ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and weight loss (WL) at the end of 60 days silage. Crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) increased by cinnamon essential oil. Yeasts were not detected in any treatments, including the control, after 7 days of air exposure. The $CO_2$ amount decreased and the formation mold was inhibited in the aerobic period by the addition of cinnamon oil. Oregano did not show a similar effect, but when it was used with cinnamon, it showed synergic effect on AA and during aerobic period, it showed antagonistic effect on mold formation and DM losses. It was found in this study that cinnamon can be an alternative to organic acids.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.301-306
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the physiological differences betweenhealthy and wilted plants with respect to nitrate assimilation and ascorbic acid content. Wilting was artificially induced in spinach plants by treating the seeds with nutrient solution containing high nitrogen and low potassium. The plants were cultured in different plots 4 types of media: 1N-1P-1K (control), 6N-1P-0K (0K), 6N-1P-0.5K (0.5K), and 6N-1P-2K (2K). The rate of wilting among the plants was as follows: control, 0%; 2K, 10%; 0.5K, 40%; and 0K, 70%. This shows that under high nitrogen conditions, the lower the amount of potassium provided, higher was the rate of wilting. There were no differences in plant growth among the plants treated with different levels of potassium under high nitrogen conditions.The nitrate content in both the leaves and the roots was higher in plants grown under high nitrogen media than those in the control. Furthermore, the nitrate level decreased with increasing potassium concentration. The ascorbic acid content of spinach under high nitrogen conditions was lower than those of the control.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.299-303
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• 2006

Vaseline, wax, soybean oil, and coated paper label were separately treated on watermelon stalk and stored at $7^{\circ}C$, in order to delay the wilting of watermelon stalk. The result showed that vaseline was most effective to delay the wilting of stalk and coated paper label was best in the outward quality. However wax and soybean oil were not effective. The factors were investigated to affect the wilting of watermelon stalk. Water content of watermelon stalk were closely related to the wilting of stalk but bacterial density of watermelon stalk was not significant. The shelf life of watermelon stalk was compared with that of watermelon flesh. The result showed that watermelon stalk was more rapidly wilted than watermelon flesh. Therefore this method was applied to prove the wilting property of watermelon stalk to determine the quality of watermelon flesh.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2007

The cost of conventional cultivation of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is very expensive, because shadow condition should be maintained during cultivation periods owing to inherently weak plant for high-temperature. Therefore, application of plant biotechnology may be possible to overcome these difficulties caused by conventional breeding of ginseng. Transgenic plants were produced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gv3101, both carrying the binary plasmid pBI121 mLPISO with nptII and Iso (isoprene synthase) gene. Integration of the transgenes into the P. ginseng nuclear genome was confirmed by PCR analysis using nptII primers and Iso primers. RT-PCR result also demonstrated the foreign isoprene synthase gene in three transgenic plant lines (T1, T3, and T5) which was expressed at the transcriptional level. When whole plants of transgenic ginseng were exposed to high temperature at $46^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, a non-transformed plant was wilted from heat shock, whereas a transgenic plant appeared to remain healthy. We suggest that the introduction of exogenous isoprene synthase is considered as alternative methods far generating thermotolerance ginseng.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2016

The twig blight symptoms were observed in Chinese magnolia vine (Schisandra chinensis) at Mungyeong city, Gyeongbuk province, Korea in June 2015. The typical symptoms of infected plant were shriveled and wilted in leaves which led to blight resulted in death. Based on the morphological characteristics, the isolate was suspected as Botryosphaeria sp. Inoculation of isolated pathogen was performed to identify its pathogenicity according to Koch's postulates. Re-isolated fungi from the inoculated stem was showed same morphological characteristics with original pathogen. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using combined sequence of rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, EF1-${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$-tubulin gene. The isolated pathogen was identified to the B. dothidea by phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of twig blight on S. chinensis caused by B. dothidea in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-120
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• 2013

During the early spring of 2007 to 2009, stem rot of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii occurred in seedling stage grown in plastic film house at Iksan. In seedling stage of sweet potato, symptoms were initially appeared in yellowing and then the seedlings were eventually wilted. The fungus produced abundant white silky mycelium on infected tissues and soil line. Seedlings were very susceptible and died quickly once they were infected. The whole area of a petridish was rapidly covered with white mycelium on agar medium. Sclerotia began to produce after 7 days of mycelial growth and white sclerotia quickly melanized to a dark brown coloration. The causal agent isolated from the diseased plants was identified as Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo on the basis of the morphological and cultural characteristics. All isolates of S. rolfsii caused similar symptoms on the host petioles by artificial inoculation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 1993

First crop of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested, wilted and ensiled with or without NaOH or $NH_3$, and fed to three rumen fistulated goats in a $3{\times}3$ Latin-square design. Each alkali treatment (2.44% of alfalfa dry matter) was made by spraying its solution prior to ensiling. Silage pH, $NH_3-N$ and butyric acid concentration were increased with each alkali addition, and NaOH-treated silage showed the lowest chemical quality. Compared with untreated silage, digestibilities of organic matter, ADF and cellulose were depressed by both alkali treatments, and the reductions in NaOH-treated silage were significant. Crude protein digestibility was also significantly decreased in NaOH-treated silage, but the goats receiving the silage excreted less nitrogen in urine than those on the other two silages. Nitrogen retention of goats was not different among the treatments. Ruminal solubility and potential degradability of dry matter and nitrogen determined with the in situ bag technique were reduced, and rate of degradation of the two components were increased by the NaOH treatment. Addition of $NH_3$ provided ruminal soluble nitrogen to the silage, but the rate of degradation was similar to that of untreated silage. These results suggest that NaOH treatment would denature the protein and reduce the susceptibility to microbial degradation in the rumen, while no positive effect of alkali treatment on fiber digestion and nitrogen utilization was observed in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.6
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• pp.561-564
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• 2008

Pinus densiflora(red pine) stands in Korea have been faced with the serious threat by pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematodes). It is not easy to early detect and prevent the infected trees because those cannot be visually identified during the initial phase of infection. Red pine is usually infected by B. xylophilus from May to July and can be just visually detected in October or November. While the infected trees are wilted, the spectral value of Near Infrared (NIR) is supposed to be decreased. Based on this phenomena, in this paper, the vegetation vitality change of infected trees was analyzed using vegetation indices. Spectral values of Red, Green and NIR had been acquired monthly by a portable NIR camera in the same place of red pine stands infected by pine wilt disease. It could be proven that the vegetation index, or vegetation vitality of damaged trees starts to decrease from June, in the early infecting phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 1992

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was fractionated into leaf nutrient concentrate, fiber and deproteinised juice (DPJ). The fresh and fermented DPJs were concentrated and referred to as fresh deproteinised juice concentrate (FDPJC) and fermented deprotenised juice concentrate (FMTD DPJC). The FDPJC and FMTD DPJC were separately mixed with dried fiber and ensiled. Wilted crop silage and fresh fiber silage were also prepared from the same material crop. The nutritive value of these four silages were compared using four goats by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Green crop fractionation resulted lesser amount of crude protein and ash, and higher amount of neurtal detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and hemicellulose in fresh fiber. The pH of fresh fiber silage was lower than that of the other silages. Addition of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC to the dried fiber at ensiling did not improve the silage qualities; but all the silages were satisfactorily preserved. Goats fed these silages showed similar ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations. But addition of FMTD DPJC was effective on increasing ruminal acetic acid concentration reducing propionic acid concentration. Ruminal n- and iso- butyric acid concentrations were proportional to that of propionic acid. High ammonia content of the silage containing FMTD DPJC was reflected to the ruminal ammonia concentration, urinary nitrogen excretion and serum urea level of goats. Inclusion of FDPJC or FMTD DPJC added 15 to 25% dry matter to the fiber silages with a little reduction in the digestibilities of most components of the silages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1991

From the same harvest of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam.), hay(H), wilted silage(WS), pressed cake hay (PCH) and pressed cake silage (PCS) were prepared. These four preserved roughages were restrictedly fed to four goats attached with rumen fistula by $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to determine the effect of different physical and chemical properties of the roughages on the ruminal acid concentrations. Each goat was given a diet at 2% of the body weight daily in dry matter basis by separating into two equal portions. Half was given at 9 AM and the other half at 5 PM. Ruminal pH was reduced to around 5.5 within 30 minutes after feeding PCS and it was recovered above 6 in 1-2 hours after feeding. By feeding WS, ruminal pH was also reduced but never fell below 6. The two hays rather increased ruminal pH after feeding. The reduction of ruminal pH in the silage feedings was due to the high lactic acid content of the silages, because the highest ruminal lactic acid concentration was observed 30 minutes after feeding when the lowest ruminal pH was attained. While the ruminal VFA concentrations became the highest 1-2 hours after feeding. The ruminal acetic acid concentration fluctuated so much that no significant tendency was observed among the four dietary treatments. The ruminal propionic acid concentration was higher in feeding silages reflecting the initial high lactic acid concentration. As the result, acetic/propionic acid ratio was lower in the silage feedings than in hay feedings. Higher ruminal butyric acid concentration was observed in WS than in others.