• 제목/요약/키워드: Wildland Fire

검색결과 15건 처리시간 0.029초

Estimating Unsteady Soil Loss due to Rainfall Impact according to Rim Fire at California

  • Choi, Hyun;Kim, Gihong
    • 한국측량학회지
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.269-280
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    • 2017
  • Recently, in the United States, there has been short-term intensive rainfall due to El Ni?o and Rania. The Rim Fire was a wildland fire that was started in a remote canyon in Stanislaus National Forest in California. This portion of the central Sierra Nevada spans Tuolumne and Mariposa counties. This study is about estimating unsteady soil loss due to rainfall impact according to Rim Fire at California. It implies that caution needs to be taken in selecting the grid size for estimating soil loss using numerical modeling approach. Soil loss increased in all duration times before Rim fire. But it increased until 7 days and reduced or kept stable after that. Based on the 2014 average rainfall 1388 mm/yr, soil loss was estimated to be 247,518 ton/ha/yr before Rim Fire, and 9,389,937 ton/ha/yr after that.

Application of Deep Learning: A Review for Firefighting

  • Shaikh, Muhammad Khalid
    • International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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    • 제22권5호
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    • pp.73-78
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    • 2022
  • The aim of this paper is to investigate the prevalence of Deep Learning in the literature on Fire & Rescue Service. It is found that deep learning techniques are only beginning to benefit the firefighters. The popular areas where deep learning techniques are making an impact are situational awareness, decision making, mental stress, injuries, well-being of the firefighter such as his sudden fall, inability to move and breathlessness, path planning by the firefighters while getting to an fire scene, wayfinding, tracking firefighters, firefighter physical fitness, employment, prediction of firefighter intervention, firefighter operations such as object recognition in smoky areas, firefighter efficacy, smart firefighting using edge computing, firefighting in teams, and firefighter clothing and safety. The techniques that were found applied in firefighting were Deep learning, Traditional K-Means clustering with engineered time and frequency domain features, Convolutional autoencoders, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Deep Neural Networks, Simulation, VR, ANN, Deep Q Learning, Deep learning based on conditional generative adversarial networks, Decision Trees, Kalman Filters, Computational models, Partial Least Squares, Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Edge computing, C5 Decision Tree, Restricted Boltzmann Machine, Reinforcement Learning, and Recurrent LSTM. The literature review is centered on Firefighters/firemen not involved in wildland fires. The focus was also not on the fire itself. It must also be noted that several deep learning techniques such as CNN were mostly used in fire behavior, fire imaging and identification as well. Those papers that deal with fire behavior were also not part of this literature review.

고압 호스에서 굽힘의 각도가 압력 변화에 미치는 영향에 대한 수치해석적 연구 (Numerical Study on The Effect of Bending Angle on Pressure Change in High Pressure Hose)

  • 홍기배;김민석;유홍선
    • 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2022
  • Fire damage time in high-rise buildings and wildland fire increasing every year. The use of high-pressure fire pumps is required to effectively extinguish fires. Reflecting the curvature effect of the fire hose occurring at the actual fire fighting site, this study provides a database of pressure drop, discharge velocity and maximum discharge height through C FD numerical analysis and it can provide using standards for fire extinguishing. Two Reynolds numbers of 200000 and 400000 were numerically analyzed at 0° -180° bending with water of 25℃ as a working fluid in hoses with a diameter of 65mm, a length of 15m, and a radius of curvature of 130mm. Realizable k-ε turbulence model was used and standard wall function was used. The pressure drop increases as the bending angle increases, and the maximum value at 90° and then decreases. The increasing rate is greater than the decrease. The velocity of the secondary flow also decreases after having the maximum value at 90°. The decreasing rate is greater than the increase. The turbulent kinetic energy increases to 120° and decreases with the maximum value. Pressure drop, velocity of the secondary flow, and turbulence kinetic energy are measured larger in the second bending region than in the first bending region.

WUI 산불 소유역에 대한 GIS 기반 침식모형의 적용성 평가 (Applicability evaluation of GIS-based erosion models for post-fire small watershed in the wildland-urban interface)

  • 신승숙;안승효;송진욱;채국석;박상덕
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제57권6호
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    • pp.421-435
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    • 2024
  • 2023년 4월에 양강지풍의 영향으로 영동지역에 위치한 강릉에 산불이 발생하였다. 본 연구에서는 강릉 WUI (Wlidland-Urban Interface) 산불 소유역을 대상으로 식생회복에 따른 침식률을 평가하고자, GIS 기반의 RUSLE (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation)와 SEMMA (Soil Erosion Model for Mountain Areas)를 이용하였다. WUI 화재 소유역은 고도의 범위가 10-30m로 낮으며, 사면의 평균경사는 10.0±7.4°로 준경사면 (general slope)에 해당한다. 토성은 유기물 함량이 높고, 토심이 깊은 양질사토(loamy sand) 이었다. 산불 이후 구곡부(gully)에서 초본층이 왕성하게 재생함에 따라, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)가 최대 0.55에 이르렀다. 침식률 모의 결과 RUSLE은 0.07-94.9 t/ha/storm의 범위이었고, SEMMA는 0.24-83.6 t/ha/storm의 범위를 보였다. RUSLE는 SEMMA보다 평균침식률을 1.19-1.48배 과다 예측하였다. 소나무 화재목이 분포하고, 경사가 급한 중부사면에서 침식률이 크며, 초본층의 회복이 빠른 구곡아래 와지(hollow)에서 상대적으로 낮은 침식률을 보였다. SEMMA는 화재 사면의 NDVI가 0.25(Ic=0.35) 이하인 특정 식생피복에서 급격히 증가하는 침식민감도를 보였다. 유기물 함량이 높고 자연 식생의 회복이 빠른 준경사면은 급경사면에 비해 침식률이 상대적으로 작았다. WUI 산불 지역은 집중호우에 의한 토사재해로 후속적인 물·인적 피해가 예상됨에 따라, 본 연구 결과는 화재 이후 응급대처의 시행을 위한 목표 관리 및 의사 결정의 기초자료로 활용될 것이다.