• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.26 no.2 s.55
• /
• pp.197-204
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to mark the criteria of the eathetic smile that was necessary to improve the esthetic problem in oral maxillo-facial region. The facial straight photographs of 62 adults(30 males, 32 females : 19-24 years old) in resting position and during smile were taken. The measurements and proportion of lip-teeth relationship during smile were statistically analyzed with photogrammetry. The following results wow obtained : 1. In the evaluation of the change of lips, smile line ratio was 0.93, buccal corridor ratio was 0.63, and smile symmetry ratio was 0.96. 2. The width of mouth during smile was 1.31 times of the width inthe resting position and 0.48 times of face width. 3. The upper lip height during smile was 0.69 times of the height in the resting position and the lower lip height during smile was 0.93 times of the height in the resting position. 4. The mean exposed lenght of upper central incisor was 9.96mm. Maxillary incisor exposure was significantly correlated with the upper lip change ratio, mouth width change ratio, and buccal corridor ratio.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.16 no.6 s.73
• /
• pp.769-780
• /
• 2004

This paper's objective is to evaluate the experimental behavior of gap N-joints made of cold-formed, square, hollow steel sections, with a connection plate as a tension member. The principal parameters for testing included the ratio of chord width to thickness, the ratio of brace width to chord width, eccentric ratio, the shape of the compression member, the branch angle, and the stiffening plate of the chord flange. The strength and failure mode were examined through the test for the gap N-joint, consisting of several parameters. Based on the results of the test, the gap N-joints were determined according to the capacity preceding the displacement of the tension, regardless of the width ratio, and the split failure mode-connected surface for a chord in joints. The strength of the gap N-joints increased proportionally as the $2\gamma$(B/T) ratio decreased, and as the width ratio(${\beta}$) of branch to chord increased. Particularly, $2\gamma$(B/T) decreased as the capacity of gap N-joint increased. The results of the test were summarized for the capacity, initial stiffness, ductility, and change of the failure mode of each gap N-joint.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.33-40
• /
• 2005

Gathering is method used to control fullness along a seam line. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quantitative research and qualitative method; the effect of gather and the types of gather drape. The experimental design consists of four factors: (l) three kinds of different weight and thickness of fabrics (2) three kinds of stitch densities (3) five kinds of ratio of gathers (4) three kinds of grain directions. Therefore one hundred thirty five (135) samples were made. And utilized SPSS WIN 10.0 Package in data analysis. The results of this study were as follows; First, after frequency analysis, side height, hem line width, node depth, node count, node width accorded with these result data recording. Second, after correlation analysis, side height related with front statements. Side height and entire visual was negative correlation. Hem line width, node depth, node count with section statements was negative correlation but node width at section statements was positive correlation. Third, after $k^2$ analysis, front picture parts getting excellent evaluation were 1st side height, 3rd hem line width, 4th node depth, 3rd node count, 3rd node width. And section illustration parts getting excellent evaluation were 4th side height, 1st hem line width, 2nd node depth, 3rd node count, 4th node width.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.705-714
• /
• 1994

This study was carried out to identify the craniometric characteristics of the skull of Korean native goat. The results were as follows; The skull index, cranial index, facial index, right orbital index and left orbital index were $55.86{\pm}2.14$, $59.97{\pm}3.68$, $107.03{\pm}5.71$, $92.22{\pm}4.54$and $90.47{\pm}5.48$, respectively. The ratio of facial length to cranial length was 1:1.15 and the ratio of length of cranial base to palatal length was 1:1.35. The skull length was more correlated to the facial length than to the cranial length(p<0.01). The skull width was more correlated to the width between foramina supraorbitales than to the width between foramina infraorbitales. It also showed negative correlation to the medial width between bases of processus cornualis but positive correlation to the lateral width between bases of processus cornualis(p<0.01). The width between tips of both horns showed high positive correlation to the medial width between processus cornualis, but negative correlation to the lateral width(p<0.01).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.58-64
• /
• 2004

The control of the weld bead shape is important in laser welding of the small parts. The effects of laser welding parameters on the weld bead shape in the pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding of STS 304L material were investigated. Shielding gas type, flow rate, pumping voltage, pulse frequency, pulse width, focal position and overlap distance were selected as laser welding parameters. Experiments were designed and conducted using the Taguchi method which was a statistical experimental method. The weld bead width, penetration, area and aspect ratio were measured and analysed as the weld bead shape properties and the welding parameters were optimized to maximize the weld aspect ratio. Weld aspect ratio were greatly affected by the pulse width, pumping voltage and pulse frequency, and somewhat by the overlap distance, and little by the shielding gas type, flow rate and focal position. A confirmation experiment were conducted using the optimized welding parameters.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.113-118
• /
• 1980

Stresses were calculated for finite-width orthotropic laminates with a circular hole and remote uniaxial loading using a two-dimensional finite-element analysis with both uniform stress and uniform displacement boundary conditions. Five different laminates were analyzed: quasi-isotropic [0.deg./.+-.45.deg./90.deg.].$\_$s/, 0.deg., 90.deg., [0.deg./90.deg.]$\_$s/, and [.+-.45.deg.]$\_$s/, Computed results are presented for selected combinations of hole diameter-sheet-width ratio d/w and length-to width ratio L/w. For small L/w values, the stress-concentration factors K$\_$tn/ were significantly different for the uniform stress and uniform displacement boundary conditions. Typically, for the uniform stress conditions, the K$\_$tn/ values were much larger than for the infinite-strip reference conditions; however, for the uniform displacement conditon, they were only slighty smaller than for this reference. The results for long strips are also presented as width-correction factor. For d/w.leg.33, these width-correction factors are nearly equal for all five laminates.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.2
• /
• pp.204-212
• /
• 2010

This study was performed in 22 unthinned Larix olgensis plantations in northeast China. Data were collected on 95 sample trees of different canopy positions and the diameter at breast height ($d_{1.3}$) ranged from 5.7 cm to 40.2 cm. The individual tree models for the prediction of vertical distribution of live crown, branch and needle biomass were built. Our study showed that the crown, branch and needle biomass distributions were most in the location of 60% crown length. These results were also parallel to previous crown studies. The cumulative relative biomass of live crown, branch and needle were fitted by the sigmoid shape curve and the fitting results were quite well. Meanwhile, we developed the crown ratio and width models. Tree height was the most important predictor for crown ratio model. A negative competition factor, ccf and bas which reflected the effect of suppression on a tree, reduced the crown ratio estimates. The height-diameter ratio was a significant predictor. The higher the height-diameter ratio, the higher crown ratio is. Diameter at breast height is the strongest predictor in crown width model. The models can be used for the planning of harvesting operations, for the selection of feasible harvesting methods, and for the estimation of nutrient removals of different harvesting practices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.8 no.4 s.29
• /
• pp.3-17
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the strength and deformation of K-joints in welded Warren-type square hollow structural section truss. There are 2 types in K-joints in K-joints having one compression bracing member and one tension bracing member. One type is KP-series that brae members are rotated to $45^{\circ}$, another type is KS-series that are not rotated. Principal parameters are the ratio of the chord width to thickness (D/T=33.3, 25, 16.7), the ratio of brace width to chord width(d/D=0.4, 0.5, 0.67, 0.83, 1.0) and the ratio of eccenticity to chord height (e/D=0.25, 0.125, 0, -0.125, -0.25, -0.375, -0.5). The important results obtained from the experiments are as follow ; The strength of K-joints increase proportionally as the D/T ratio decreases, and the d/D ratio increases. But the e/D ratio has no correlation with the strength of K-joints. Generally the strength and ductility ratio of KP-series increase more than a current type(KS-series) in full ${\beta}$range.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.55-62
• /
• 2004

Although the previous researches evaluated the fatigue behavior of glass fiber/epoxy laminates using the traditional fracture mechanism, their researches were not sufficient to do it: the damage zone of glass fiber/epoxy laminates was occurred at the delamination zone instead of the crack-metallic damages. Thus, previous researches were not applicable to the fatigue behavior of glass fiber/epoxy laminates. The major purpose of this study was to evaluate delamination behavior using the relationship between crack length and delamination width in hybrid composite material such as Al/GFRP laminate. The details of investigation were as follows : 1) Relationship between crack length and delamination width, 2) Relationship between delamination aspect ratio and delamination area rate, 3) Variation of delamination growth rate is attendant on delamination shape factors. The test results indicated that the delamination growth rate depends on delamination width delamination aspect ratio and delamination shape factors.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.407-422
• /
• 2005

Plate elements in fully profiled sandwich panels are generally subjected to local buckling failure modes and this behaviour is treated in design by using the conventional effective width method for plates with a width to thickness (b/t) ratio less than 100. If the plate elements are very slender (b/t > 1000), the panel failure is governed by wrinkling instead of local buckling and the strength is determined by the flexural wrinkling formula. The plate elements in fully profiled sandwich panels do not fail by wrinkling as their b/t ratio is generally in the range of 100 to 600. For this plate slenderness region, it was found that the current effective width formula overestimates the strength of the fully profiled sandwich panels whereas the wrinkling formula underestimates it. Hence a new effective width design equation has been developed for practical plate slenderness values. However, no guidelines exist to identify the plate slenderness (b/t) limits defining the local buckling, wrinkling and the intermediate regions so that appropriate design rules can be used based on plate slenderness ratios. A research study was therefore conducted using experimental and numerical studies to investigate the effect of plate slenderness ratio on the ultimate strength behaviour of foam supported steel plate elements. This paper presents the details of the study and the results.