• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.87-96
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• 2018

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to compare the consistency of widths by analyzing the current situation of the sidewalk in Korea and Japan Neighborhoods Area. METHODS : Literature on the sidewalk width of the Neighborhood Area is reviewed to compare the consistency of width. Through on-site surveys, We identify the current status of sidewalk in Korea and Japan. This compares the sidewalk width consistency in the Neighborhood Area. RESULTS : The width of whole sidewalks in Japan is ranged 330~445cm, which is lAvger than The width of whole sidewalks in Korea, ranged 237~420cm. Frontage Zone width is ranged 60~65cm in Japan, similar to 60cm in Korea. However, in Korea, there is a lAvge difference between Frontage Zone width and walking width average, and the standard deviation of width is lAvger than Japan. The Pedestrian Zone width is ranged 172~325cm in Japan, which is lAvger than ranged 0~295cm in Korea. The width of the Furniture Zone is ranged 135 ~ 331cm in Japan and lAvger than ranged 90~225cm in Korea. In Korea, the difference between the Furniture Zone width and the walking average width is small, and the standard deviation of width is smaller than that of Japan. CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion, the standard deviation of the frontage zone and the pedestrian zone width, which are included in the valid sidewalk width, The Korea is lAvger than in Japan. valid sidewalk width of Korea sidewalk is inconsistent. valid sidewalk width for wheelchair users does not meet the width of more than 2 meters.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.115-121
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• 1985

This study was intended to investigate the effect of mesiodistal crown widths of the anterior teeth on the incisor relationship and to determine whether incisor width ratio and anterior width ratio could be used to assess interarch tooth width harmony. From the casts taken from 63 subjects, 26 of open bite, 18 of deep bite and 19 of normal over bite with age of 17-20, mesiodistal crown widths of maxillary and mandibular 6 anterior teeth were measured with Boley gauge. On the basis of tooth measurements, anterior and incisor width ratio were calculated. The cephalograms were taken from same subjects to measure the degree of over bite and over jet and to compare the craniofacial bony structures between open bite, deep bite and normal over bite. Correlations among the anterior width ratio, incisor width ratio, over bite and over jet were calculated. The results were as follows. 1. There were no differences in mesiodistal widths of anterior teeth, incisor width ratio and anterior width ratio between open bite, deep bite and normal over bite. 2. The incisor width ratio and anterior width ratio can be useful in the assessment of tooth width harmony because the incisor width ratio and anterior width ratio were stable statistically and significantly correlated with each other. 3. Over bite and over jet were not correlated with incisor width ratio and anterior width ratio.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.314-323
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• 2020

Objective: To identify the available evidence on the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with three-dimensional imaging and provide meta-analytic data from studies assessing the outcomes using computed tomography. Methods: Eleven electronic databases were searched, and prospective case series were selected. Two authors screened all titles and abstracts and assessed full texts of the remaining articles. Seventeen case series were included in the quantitative synthesis. Seven outcomes were investigated: nasal cavity width, maxillary basal bone width, alveolar buccal crest width, alveolar palatal crest width, inter-molar crown width, inter-molar root apex width, and buccopalatal molar inclination. The outcomes were investigated at two-time points: post-expansion (2-6 weeks) and post-retention (4-8 months). Mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were used to summarize and combine the data. Results: All the investigated outcomes showed significant differences post-expansion (maxillary basal bone width, +2.46 mm; nasal cavity width, +1.95 mm; alveolar buccal crest width, +3.90 mm; alveolar palatal crest width, +3.09 mm; intermolar crown width, +5.69 mm; inter-molar root apex width, +2.85 mm; and dental tipping, +3.75°) and post-retention (maxillary basal bone width, +2.21 mm; nasal cavity width, +1.55 mm; alveolar buccal crest width, +3.57 mm; alveolar palatal crest width, +3.32 mm; inter-molar crown width, +5.43 mm; inter-molar root apex width, +4.75 mm; and dental tipping, 2.22°) compared to pre-expansion. Conclusions: After RME, skeletal expansion of the nasomaxillary complex was greater in most caudal structures. Maxillary basal bone showed 10% post-retention relapse. During retention period, uprighting of maxillary molars occurred.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 1999

To increase dimensional accuracy of strip width, model to compensate width spread during roughing mill has been developed. To measure the amount of width spread during the production rolling more precisely, special roughing rolling procedures for the horizontal rolling and dog-bone rolling were designed in the actual production mill. From the operational data analysis, it is known that the prime factors influencing on the width spread were strip width, strip thickness, edging amount, number of pass and type of edger roll etc., Based upon the statistical analysis of rolling data, new models which can predict width spread during horizontal rolling and dog-bone rolling were developed and tested on the actual processing conditions for the reliability. The application test showed that newly developed model gave fairly accurate predictions on the width spread during roughing passes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.11a
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• pp.92-93
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• 2021

In the case of medical facilities, the evacuation time is delayed due to the decrease in the number of people in the hallway and exits due to the increase in the width of evacuation by using mobile beds, wheelchairs, crutches, etc. Accordingly, it is considered to secure evacuation capacity to reduce evacuation time according to corridor width and exit width. Accordingly, we would like to compare the standards related to the evacuation capacity of medical facilities in Korea and NFPA, derive differences, and use evacuation simulations to compare evacuation times according to changes in corridor width and exit width. In Korea, it is calculated based on the floor area by use, but in the case of NFPA 101, the number of evacuation routes, stair width, corridor exit width, and two-way door width was stipulated depending on the number of people. Using evacuation simulation, efficient evacuation capacity is calculated according to the reduction of evacuation time by changing the width of the hallway, changing the width of the exit, the width of the corridor, and the width of the exit. The evacuation simulation is intended to be used to secure evacuation safety of domestic medical facilities by calculating the effective evacuation time reduction by changing the width of the hallway and exit.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2007

This paper proposes a new width control system composed of an ANWC(Automatic Neural network based Width Control) and a fuzzy-PID controller in hot strip finishing mills which aims at obtaining the desirable width. The ANWC is designed using a neural network based width prediction model to minimize a width variation between the measured width and its target value. Input variables for the neural network model are chosen by using the hypothesis testing. The fuzzy-PlD control system is also designed to obtain the fast looper response and the high width control precision in the finishing mill. It is shown through the field test of the Pohang no. 1 hot strip mill of POSCO that the performance of the width margin is considerably improved by the proposed control schemes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.429-437
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• 1999

Width variation of the top and bottom ends of steel at finishing rolling in a plate, has been investigated. It was found that width variation after finishing rolling is affected by edging, broadside rolling ratio, longitudinal rolling ratio, width shape after broadside rolling, temperature, width-to-thickness ratio, and so on. A neural network modelling of back propagation has been conducted on the width variation during rolling. Based on these prediction models, a width control system, by which the roll opening and closing of the hydraulic AWC edger can be adjusted during edge rolling in finishing rolling passes, has been developed. Compared to conventional width model, the neural network model is much accurate in a model. The width control system is applied to a newly built production mill.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2016

Dimensional accuracy of hot coil is improved by precise control of thickness profiles, flatness, width and winding profile. Especially, precise width control is important because yield could be increased significantly. Precise width control can be improved by predicting the amount of width spread. The purpose of this study is to develop the advanced prediction model for width spread in hot finish rolling for controlling width precisely. FE-simulations were performed to investigate the effect of process variables on width spread such as reduction ratio, forward and backward tension and initial width at each stand. From the statistical analysis of simulated data, advanced model was developed based on the existing models for strip width spread. The experimental hot rolling trials showed that newly developed model provided fairly accurate predictions on the strip width spread during the whole hot finishing rolling process.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1995

In this study, the width spreads of spring steel including Mn-Cr steel(SUP 9A), Mn-Cr-V steel(SUP 11A), and Si-Cr steel(SAE 9254) and were investigated under different reduction ratios and thickness-width ratios friction coefficients. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical prediction by the Ekelund equation, Geuze equations, etc. The width spreads of the three spring steels were found to be 10-15% larger than mild steel, and the optimal reduction ratio for the spring steel was found in a range from 20 to30%. Among the spring steels, the width spread of Mn-Cr-V steel was measured to be the largest followed by those of Si-Cr steel and Mn-Cr steel. It was found that the width spread increased with friction coefficient, width-thickness ratio and reduction ratio as predicted. However, the theoretical predictions revealed smaller width spread than the experimental results. This finding indicates that the coefficients of the width spread of the theoretical models need to be modified in order to predict the actual behavior of the width spreading of the spring steels. In this study, the coefficients of width spread of the Geuze equation were determined from the experimental results.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.15 no.1 s.94
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• pp.105-111
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• 2005

This paper is concerned with the active vibration control of smart structure using actuator signal made of pulse width modulation. The pulse width modulation has been used in motor control, where the amount of energy fed into the motor is controlled by the pulse width instead of applied voltage. The advantage of using the pulse width modulation is that analog signal can be replaced by the digital signal so that we can reduce system costs and power consumption. The effect of pulse width modulation on the vibration response was investigated in this study and the valid transformation rule was found. Then, the pulse width modulation was realized using a microprocessor and electronic circuit. The active vibration suppression was carried out by combining the positive position feedback controller and the pulse width modulation. The experimental result shows that we can replace an expensive amplifier with a pulse width modulation system thus reducing the system cost. The result also shows that the active vibration control can be achieved by the pulse width modulation technique.