• 대한간호학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.336-343
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dependency and abuse on depression according to gender in widowed elderly. Method: A convenient sample consisted of 246 widowed elderly who were more than 65 years old in four cities. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire from August to September, 2002. A dependency Scale developed by Ahn (1999) was used to measure the level of dependency. Emotional abuse and physical abuse were measured by 10 items for emotional abuse and 7 items for physical abuse selected out of the Conditions Scale of Elder Abuse. The level of depression was measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). The SPSS WIN 11.0 version program was used for data analysis. Result: In male widowed elderly, dependency affected depression indirectly through emotional abuse. While in female widowed elderly, dependency affected depression directly and affected emotional abuse indirectly. Conclusion: The study showed that dependency was the most explainable variable on depression in widowed female elderly. Therefore, it dependency should be assessed first in nursing intervention to relieve depression of widowed elderly.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.272-278
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• 2008

Objectives: To compare the health behaviors of widowed women with those of currently married women. Methods: We randomly sampled the subjects from the Jeollanamdo Resident Registration Data and we then selected 2,331 widowed women and 4,775 married women. Well-trained examiners measured the height, weight, blood pressure and abdomen circumference, and the women were interviewed with using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios(OR) of the two groups. Results: The smoking rate (OR=2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]1.65, 3.66) was significantly higher for the widowed women. On the contrary, the awareness rate of a smoking cessation campaign (OR=0.80; 95% CI=0.70, 0.92), a quit tobacco telephone line (OR=0.73; 95% CI =0.61, 0.88) and a quit smoking clinic (OR=0.74; 95% CI=0.62, 0.89) were lower for the widowed women. The rate of receiving a health exam (OR=0.80; 95% CI=0.70, 0.91), the rate of undergoing gastric cancer screening (OR=0.77; 95% CI=0.68, 0.88), breast cancer screening (OR=0.79; 95% CI=0.69, 0.89), cervix cancer screening in the last 2 years (OR=0.81; 95% CI=0.71, 0.92), colon cancer screening in the last 5 years (OR=0.74; 95% CI=0.63, 0.87) were significantly lower for the widowed women. Conclusions: This study revealed that the health behaviors are significantly different between the widowed women and the married women. To improve the health behaviors of the widowed women, further study and research that will investigate the socioeconomic and environmental factors that affect the health behaviors of widowed women will be needed.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2015

The study examined whether informal and formal social participations may mediate the association between widowhood and depressive symptoms, and whether gender may moderate the mediated associations. The data consisted of men and women 65+ who participated in the $3^{rd}$ wave of the Koran Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA ; N = 4,146). Findings suggest that first, widowed older adults experienced significantly higer levels of depressive symptoms compared to their married counterparts. At the same time, the widowed individuals also reported more frequent contacts with family, friends, and neighbors (informal social participation), which contributed to narrowing the depression gap between widowed and married. Second, gender moderated the mediated association such that the mediating effect of informal social participation was significant only for older widowed women. Further, no mediating effect was found of formal social participation (participation in social, leisure, religious groups) for widowed and married regardless of gender. Previous studies indicated that social participation may be an important mediating factor that attenuates the effect of widowhood on depressive symptoms. Building on existing research, the present study highlighted theoretical rationales for potential gender differences in the way social participation may mediate the widowhood-depression linkage and evaluated statistically whether gender may moderate the mediated association.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.59-79
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the living status of widowed and unwidowed elderly women by means of the case study employing in depth interviews. The main results are following : First, In the case of economic status of elderly women was very low: widowed, it was significantly low. The allowances were provided by their children. And they were spent for medical expenses¬Second, Most elderly women have one or two chronic diseases, mostly Arthritis, Gastritis, Hyperpiesia. Third, The emotional relationship of the elderly women centered around their children. Fourth, Leisure activities of the elderly women were not partially formed, usually T.V. watching, chatting, playing Korea cards. Fifth, The elderly women wanted most to work for house chores, do light exercises, and to earn pocket money. Sixth, The wish for the goverment was financial support! health support! and emotional welfare support.

• 한국노년학
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.371-392
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• 2007

이 연구의 목적은 노인인구에 대한 전국규모의 자료를 활용하여 노년기 결혼지위 점유와 건강의 관련성을 실증적으로 밝히는데 있다. 이 연구에서는 첫째, 사별노인과 유배우 노인의 신체 및 정신 건강, 사회관계망의 내용을 비교하였고, 둘째, 유배우노인과 사별노인 간의 건강격차가 사회관계망 특성에 의해 설명되는지를 검증하였다. 마지막으로, 사회관계망이 건강에 미치는 효과가 유배우/사별노인에서 어떠한 차이가 있는가를 살펴보았다. 한국보건사회연구원의 <2004년도 노인실태조사자료>를 분석한 결과, 결혼지위 점유에 따른 신체 및 정신건강 수준은 노인의 연령과 건강차원에 따라 그 양상이 상이하였다. 지각된 건강, 주요 만성질환 수에서는 노인의 결혼지위 점유에 따른 건강 격차가 크지 않았고, 관찰되는 차이는 성, 연령, 계층 등의 사회·인구학적 특성이 고려되자 감소하였다. 그런데 행복감 차원에서는 성과 연령을 비롯한 사회·인구학적 특성이 고려된 이후에도 유배우자는 사별자보다 행복감을 높게 지각하였다. 친한 친구/이웃 접촉, 친한 자녀접촉, 사회활동으로 요약되는 사회관계망의 특성이 신체 및 정신건강에 미치는 효과에서는 사별노인과 유배우 노인에서 차이가 있었다. 이는 사회관계망의 필요성이나 기능이 노인의 결혼지위에 따라 다름을 의미한다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.382-390
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship of perceived health, coping strategies, dependency, suicidal ideation and depression widowed elders, and to identify predictors of depression in this population. Method: The research design for this study was a descriptive survey design using a convenience sampling. Data collection was done using self-questionnaire with 162 elders from welfare centers for senior citizens located in 3 cities, Seoul, Gangneung and Seosan. Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with the SPSS Win 12.0 Program were used to analyze the data. Results: Depression had significant negative correlations with perceived health (r=-.525, p<.001), and coping strategies (r=-.253, p=.005) and positive correlations with dependency (r=.430, p<.001), and suicidal ideation (r=.473, p<.001). The explained variance for depression was 47.5%. Of the variables, perceived health (${\beta}=-.237$, p=.003), suicidal ideation (${\beta}=.398$, p<.001) and dependency (${\beta}=.341$, p<.001) significantly predicted the degree of depression. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide a comprehensive understanding of depression and related factors for widowed elders in Korea. However, further study with a larger random sample and more a detailed research design is necessary.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.1098-1107
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of life adjustment of widowed elderly women in Korea. Methods: The research design was a Q-Methodological Approach. Thirty selected Q-statements from 32 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 7 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. Results: Three types of life adjustment were identified. Type I is the independent type: overcome the reality. Type II is the abandonment type: deny the reality. Type III is the accommodation type: accept the reality. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that different approaches to the quality of life for widowed elderly women in Korea are recommended based on the three types of life adjustment.

• 한국도서관정보학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.299-324
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• 2015

이 연구는 질적 단일 사례연구로, 배우자 사별 경험이 있는 중년여성이 상호작용적 독서치료를 경험하면서 나타나는 변화를 탐색하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구 참여자는 배우자 사별 외상 경험이 있는 40대 후반의 중년여성 1명이다. 본 연구에서는 상호작용적 독서치료 진행 중에는 회기 별로 참여자의 경험에서 나타나는 변화를, 상호작용적 독서치료 회기가 종결된 이후에는 참여자의 내적인 그리고 외적인 경험으로 구분하여 변화를 탐색하였다. 연구결과, 상호작용적 독서치료는 참여자의 자작시를 포함한 읽기 자료와 쓰기 기법이 참여자의 반응을 촉진하고 표출하는 역할을 하였다. 또한, 매체를 통하여 촉진된 감정과 자각된 인식은 상담자와의 치료적 상호작용을 통하여 현실에서의 자신을 이해하고 수용하게 하였다. 그리고 이러한 변화는 생활에서 내적, 외적 경험으로 나타났으며 회기 종결 이후에도 지속되었다. 여기에서 연구 참여자에게서 나타난 내적/외적 변화는 독서치료의 효과를 의미하고, 이는 텍스트와 더불어 상담자의 진실한 반응을 통하여 촉진된 결과임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.609-618
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to explore gender differences in elderly's dating experience and related variables. 427 elderly of age 65 or older participated. The results are as follows. 1. 80% of widowed elderly had no dating experience, and far more elderly men than women had dating experience. 2. Attitudes towards dating, of both elderly themselves and their children, had influence on the elderly's dating experience, regardless of gender. This indicates that the elderly's own acceptance and their children's positive attitude are important to the elderly's dating experience. 3. Gender differences were found in influences of living arrangement (whether they lived with their children or not), economical reasons, and personality factors. These variables proved significant only for the elderly men. More elderly men who did not live with their children than the elderly men who did had experienced dating, and economical reasons along with personality factors proved to be obstructive for elderly men's dating life.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.215-227
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• 2009

The subject of this study is a cohort of elderly women who are older than 60 years of age and reside S city in and Jeonnam. The sample size of this study is 386. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, reliability, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis through the SAS package program. The major study result were as follows. First, the physical satisfaction of elderly women is low, and the life satisfaction of the married group is higher than for the widowed group. Second, according to the results. For the women from the married group, the effect were from economic state, age, and physical satisfaction. There were also significant interaction effects according to economic state$\times$physical satisfaction, age$\times$economic state$\times$physical satisfaction, and age$\times$physical satisfaction. As for women from the widowed group, the effect were from physical satisfaction, economic state, and age. There were also significant interaction effects according to economic state$\times$physical satisfaction, age$\times$physical satisfaction, age$\times$economic state$\times$physical satisfaction, and age$\times$economic state. Fourth, the married group gave significance to life satisfaction, economic state, physical satisfaction, and age. The group of widows gave significance to life satisfaction, physical satisfaction, economic state, and age. The results of this study suggest that we should be concerned about the physical satisfaction of older women and should foster a social atmosphere to establish a positive image of elderly women.