• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.708-712
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• 2002

Effects of unprocessed (whole) or steam-flaked corn with or without enzyme additives on in vivo nutrient digestibilities and distribution of corn particles in the feces of Holstein steers were determined in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment using four Holstein steers fed the diets containing 1) whole corn without enzyme additive, 2) whole corn with enzyme additive, 3) flaked corn without enzyme additive, or 4) flaked corn with enzyme additive. With regard to nutrient digestibilities such as DM, CP, CF, NFE, NDF, and ADF, no significant differences were detected among treatments, and also the nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the addition of enzyme additive. When distribution of corn particles in the feces was examined, there were no significant differences in the amount of 2, 8 mm and total corn particles. However, feeding flaked corn resulted in less corn particles (4 mm) in the feces than feeding whole corn (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in amounts of corn particles in the feces due to the addition of enzyme additive.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.76-81
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• 1999

Sodium restricted diets are known to lower blood pressure in salt sensitive, hypertensive patients. Thare is increasing evidence that potassium plays an important role as a protective factor in the regulation of blood pressure. The objective of the current study was to measure parameters of sodium, potassium, and chloride utilization as affected by feeding of substantial quantities of bread made from whole ground white torn meal, whole ground yellow corn meal, and whole ground wheat flour. The breads provided 40 percent of a caloric content of the constant, measured laboratory diet. The 28-day study was divided into an introductory period of 7-days and three experimental periods of 7-days each. Order of assignment to specific treatments for 12 healthy subjects were according to a complete randomized block design. Yellow corn bread diets resulted in the highest potassium retention (243 mg/day) and the lowest urinary sodium and potassium ratio (1.53 $\pm$ 0.26) numerically in comparison to the other test breads. The excretions of sodium and chloride were higher during controlled feeding periods than during the self-selected diet period(p < 0.05). This indicates a response to the higher intake of these electrolytes from the experimental diets than from self-selected diets. There was no significant difference in the effect of white corn bread, yellow corn bread, or whole wheat bread diet on electrolyte status in humans. However, the yellow corn bread diet resulted in a somewhat more favorable urina교 sodium to potassium ratio than that from white corn bread or whole wheat bread diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

This study investigated the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of corn stover in three maize-planting regions in Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province, China. The whole stover was separated into seven morphological fractions, i.e., leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem rind, stem pith, stem node, ear husk, and corn tassel. The assessment of nutritive value of corn stover and its fractions was performed based on laboratory assays of the morphological proportions, chemical composition, and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The chemical composition of corn stover was significantly different from plant top to bottom (p<0.05). Among the whole corn stover and seven morphological fractions, leaf blade had the highest crude protein (CP) content and the lowest NDF and ADF contents (p<0.05), whereas stem rind had the lowest CP content and the highest ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents (p<0.05). Ear husk had significantly higher NDF content and relatively lower ADL content than other corn stover fractions. Overall, the effective degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF in rumen was the highest in leaf blade and stem pith, followed by ear husk. The results indicate that leaf blade, ear husk, and stem pith potentially have higher nutritive values than the other fractions of corn stover. This study provides reference data for high-efficiency use of corn stover in feeding ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.345-349
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• 2005

A study was conducted to determine the effect of feeding chopped whole sugar cane compared to corn silage on performances of dairy cows during the dry season. Twenty four Holstein Friesian crossbred (>87.5% Holstein Friesian) lactating dairy cows in mid lactation; averaging 16.5${\pm}$2.0 kg of milk, 121${\pm}$22 days in milk, 54.5${\pm}$4.5 months old and 440${\pm}$31 kg live weight, were stratified for milk yield, days in milk, age, stage of lactation and body weight, and then randomly allocated to two treatment groups (12 cows in each group). The first group was fed corn silage together with commercial concentrate while the second group was fed chopped whole sugar cane together with commercial concentrate. All cows consumed similar DM, however, cows on corn silage consumed more CP while cows on chopped whole sugar cane consumed more $NE_{LP}$. No significant differences in performances between the two groups were observed except for final live weight and body weight change. Cows on chopped whole sugar cane showed higher final live weight and gained more weight than cows on corn silage. The present study clearly indicates that chopped whole sugar cane can be fed to lactating dairy cows, while giving similar milk yield to corn silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.851-858
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine effects of whole (intact), coarsely-ground (4 mm), finely-ground (1 mm), steam-flaked and steam-flaked-ground (1 mm) corns on in vitro and in situ DM digestibilities and also in vitro fermentation characteristics. After 48 h incubation, in vitro dry matter digestibilities of whole, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground, steam-flaked-ground, and finely-ground corns were 6.79, 61.68, 76.48, 85.72 and 90.31%, respectively. Steam-flaked-ground corn showed the highest digestibility until 24 h incubation (p<0.01). After 48 h incubation, pH of whole corn decreased with a small range. However the values of pH of other media significantly decreased (p<0.01). The gas productions of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns were higher than those of the other corns (p<0.01). After 24 h incubation, $NH_3$-N concentration of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns increased rapidly. Total VFA was the highest in finely-ground corn, followed by steam-flaked-ground, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground and whole corns. Incorporating steam-flaked corn resulted in the highest propionate concentration (p<0.01) and the lowest acetate : propionate value (p<0.05). Finely-ground corn showed the highest in situ DM digestibility throughout the incubation period (p<0.01), followed by coarsely-ground, steam-flaked and whole corns, respectively. Overall, DM of whole corn was merely digested in vitro as well as in situ.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.421-432
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• 2003

옥수수 알곡의 무처리(통 옥수수 2종) 및 가공방법(분쇄, flake 3.8mm, 2.8mm 및 1.5mm)이 in sacco 방법에 있어 반추위 내에서의 전분 및 단백질 분해율에 미치는 영향을 측정하고자 반추위에 캐뉼라(cannulae)가 장착된 홀스타인종 건유우 3두를 공시축으로 하여, 본 시험을 수행하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1)48시간대에서의 전분 분해율은 1.5mm, 2.8mm flake, 분쇄 옥수수, 3.8mm flake, density 660g/$\ell$, density 740 g/$\ell$인 통 옥수수 순으로 높았다. Flake의 가공정도를 증진시키면, 즉 3.8mm에서 2.8mm로 얇게 가공하면 전분 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 1.5mm로 더욱 얇게 가공하면 2.8mm 보다 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다(P<0.05). 12시간대에서 24시간대까지는 density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 많이 분해되는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 48시간대에서는 유의하게 높았다(P<0.05). 2) 단백질 분해율은 반추위내 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 모두 증가하는 경향이었다. 48시간대에서의 단백질 분해율은 분쇄 옥수수, 1.5 mm, 2.8mm, 3.8mm flake의 순으로 높았다(P<0.05). Flaking 처리시의 단백질 분해율은 분쇄 옥수수보다 유의하게 낮아졌으나, 8${\sim}$48시간대에서는 2.8mm, 1.5mm로 가공정도를 증진시킬수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 3) “a”값, 즉 물에 녹는 수용성 부분을 계산한 결과, 단백질의 “a”값은 flake가 분쇄 옥수수보다 유의하게 낮았다. 반면에 전분의 “a”값은 flake가 분쇄 옥수수보다 높았다. 곡류를 flaking 처리하면 전분이 젤라틴화 되어, 반추위 내에서 전분 분해속도는 증가되고, 단백질 분해속도는 감소되기 때문이라고 생각된다. 이와 같이 사료원료의 물리적 특성은 반추위내 배양시간별 영양소 이용율에 양향을 미친다. 그러므로, 반추가축 사료에 이용되는 원료들의 이와 같은 분해특성을 적절히 고려하면 단백질원과 탄수화물원의 반추위내 발효 동기화를 보다 최적화할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.164-171
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• 1990

This study was carried out to enhance the nutritional value of whole crop corn silage and the utilization of animal waste as a ruminant feedstuffs. Whole crop corn were ensiled with cage layer excreta and concentrate. Treatments included whole crop corn silage (control), 10% cage layer excreta and concentrate-corn silage (CES lo), 20% cage layer excreta and 10% concentrate-corn silage (CES 20) and 30% cage layer excreta and 10% concentrate-corn silage (CES 30). The characteristics of silage fermentation was evaluated. Digestibility and palatability of the silage were observed through the feeding trial with four male Corridale sheep. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Cage layer excreta-corn silage showed higher contents of crude protein and crude ash than control silage, while crude fibre content was significantlv lower than that of control silage (P(.01). 2. Total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen content of the cage layer excreta-corn silage was significantly (P< .01) higher than that of control, but CES 10 silage was good in quality. 3. Lactic acid content of CES 10 silage was the highest, but that of CES 20 and CES 30 silage was lower than that of control. CES 20 and CES 30 silage was lower lactic acid content and higher pH than control. Therefore Flieg's score was wrose than that of control silage. 4. The numbers of total bacteria and lactic fermentation bacteria were estimated lo7-10' and 10"1OH, respectively, and there were no significant differences among treatments. Coliform numbers were not detected with CES 10 silage while were detected lo3 per gram in CES 30 silage. 5. Digestibility of crude protein, crude fibre and ADF was improved significantly in the animals fed the cage layer excreta-corn silage compared with animals fed the control silage. DCP and TDN were the highest in the CES 10 silage. 6. The intake of daily nitrogen and dry matter per metabolic body weight was the highest in animals fed the CES 10 silage.lage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1133-1137
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers fed whole crop corn silage ensiled with poultry manure (PM) for 18 months. The experiment was designed as a randomized block design with three phases. Steers were allotted in one of three dietary treatments, which were ammonia-treated rice straw (AS), whole crop corn silage (CS) and whole crop corn+30% PM silage (based on DM; MS). All diets were supplemented with concentrate. Total body weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) in MS group were increased (p<0.05) by 6% over AS group. The MS treatment enhanced (p<0.05) total and daily intakes of forage compared with the AS and CS treatments while there was compensatory effect on concentrate intake by AS group. Carcass characteristics were improved by feeding MS. MS increased (p<0.05) carcass weight and marbling score (7.5 and 22.5% of AS, respectively), and reduced (p<0.05) backfat thickness (13.2 of AS and 16.6% CS). Carcass grade and meat quality grade were also improved by MS compared with AS and CS. Under the conditions of this study, MS was an efficacious replacement for corn silage for steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.375-386
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• 2019

Objective: We hypothesized that silage additives may alter the undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) content through ensiling. Therefore, urea and formic acid were applied to corn, whole barley crop (WBC) and alfalfa to change uNDF content of the ensiled forages. Methods: Six experimental diets at two groups of high uNDF (untreated corn and alfalfa silages [CSAS] and untreated whole barley and alfalfa silages [BSAS]) and low uNDF (urea-treated corn silage+untreated alfalfa silage [$CS_UAS$], urea-treated whole barley silage+untreated alfalfa silage [$BS_UAS$], untreated corn silage+formic acid-treated alfalfa silage [$CSAS_F$], and untreated whole barley silage+formic acid-treated alfalfa silage [$BSAS_F$]), were allocated to thirty-six multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows. Results: The untreated silages were higher in uNDF than additive treated silages, but the uNDF concentrations among silages were variable (corn silage0.05). Milk yield tended to increase in the cows fed high uNDF diets than those fed low uNDF (p = 0.10). The cows fed diet based on urea-treated corn silage had higher milk yield than those fed other silages (p = 0.05). The substitution of corn silage with the WBC silage tended to decrease milk production (p = 0.07). Changing the physical source of NDF supply and the uNDF content from the corn silage to the WBC silage caused a significant increase in ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration, milk urea-N and fat yield (p<0.05). The cows fed diets based on WBC silage experienced greater rumination time than the cows fed corn silage (p<0.05). Conclusion: Administering additives to silages to reduce uNDF may improve the performance of Holstein dairy cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.433-442
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• 2003

본 연구는 옥수수 알곡의 가공방법(통 옥수수, 분쇄, flake 3.8mm, 2.8mm 및 1.5mm)이 in vitro 상의 건물 소화율 및 in sacco 방법에 있어 반추위 내에서의 건물 분해율에 미치는 영향를 규명하기 위해 반추위에 캐뉼라(cannulae)가 장착된 홀스타인 건유우 3두를 공시축으로 하여 수행하였는데 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 옥수수 가공형태별 in vitro 소화율은 in sacco 방법에서와 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 48시간 배양시에 1.5mm flake 및 분쇄한 옥수수가 각각 92.3, 91.2%로서 가장 높았다, 다음으로 2.8mm 및 3.8mm flake가 각각 83.9, 83.4%이였다. 특히, 통 옥수수는 가장 낮았으며, density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 2배 이상 빠르게 분해되었다. In sacco 방법에 의한 건물 분해율은 48시간대에서 1.5mm flake, 분쇄 옥수수 및 2.8mm flake가 각각 94.4, 88.0 및 87.0%로서 가장 높았고, 3.8mm flake는 61.8%로서 이들보다 유의적으로 낮았다. Density가 낮은 통 옥수수가 높은 것보다 12시간대까지는 많이 분해되는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이가 없었고, 24, 48시간대에서는 유의하게 높아졌다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면, 옥수수를 분쇄하거나, flaking 처리를 하면 통 옥수수에 비하여 반추위 내에서 건물 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었다. 또한 flake의 가공정도를 증진시킬수록 건물 분해율이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 1.5 mm로 얇게 가공한 flake는 반추위 내에서 급속하게 분해되는 경향이었다. 한편, 같은 통 옥수수에서도 density가 낮은 것이 빠르게 분해되었다.