• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1991

This study was devised to observe the inhibitory effect of 7 kinds of the acidic polysaccharide fraction(PGI, PGa, PG3, PGa, PGs, PG6 and PG7) from Korean white ginseng on a lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L. Toxohormone-L is a lipolytic factor, found in ascites fluid of .sarcoma -180 bearing mice and of patients with hepatoma. A substace that inhibited the lipolytic action of Toxohormone-L was isolated from white ginseng powder. This substance was an acidic polysaccharides. In vitro test showed that the inhibitory effect of PGs fraction of the lipolysis by Toxohormone-L was highest percent among other treatments at concentration of 50, 10, 200, 500 and 1,000 Ug/ml of reaction mixture. And total inhibitory activity(units) of PGI and PG4 was highest among other treatments at the same concentration and that of 10 Ug/ml.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.946-950
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• 2009

Chemical components and antioxidative activities of white ginseng, red ginseng and extruded white ginseng (EWG) were evaluated. Extrusion condition was 20% moisture content, 100 and $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature. The results showed that total sugar and acidic polysaccharide contents of white ginseng powder were increased after extrusion treatment of which EWG at $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature had higher value than EWG at $100^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature. Free radical scavenging activity of EWG at $140^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature was 80.2 and 45.6% respectively. The butanol fraction of polyphenolic compound and acidic polysaccharide were $27.2{\pm}0.1\;mg/g$ and $217.6{\pm}0.7\;mg/g$, respectively. The ginsenosides were quantified by HPLC and the yield of ginsenoside-Rg3s and Rg3r were achieved by extrusion process.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1983

Monolayer moisture contents of white ginseng and white ginseng powder were 6.68g/100g and 7.81g/100g respectively, and the corresponding water activity at that moisture were 0.16 and 0.18 respectively. TBA value increased with an increase in relative humidity and storage period, and the increase of TBA value was the lowest at 23-32% R.H.. The variation of fat soluble and water soluble pigment in white ginseng was similar to that of TBA value.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.1321-1326
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• 2006

Total ginsenosides were purified and their antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer activities were measured. The crude extracts of ginseng, which were extracted with 75% ethanol by ultrasonification method, were firstly purified on AB-8 macroporous adsorption column to remove water soluble impurities, and decolored on Amberlite IRA 900 Cl anion-exchange column. Then, they were purified on Amberlite XAD16 adsorption column to delete the non-polar impurities. Total ginsenosides contents of the purified extracts were 79.4%, 71.7% and 72.5% in cultured wild ginseng, red ginseng and white ginseng, which were significantly increased than those of crude extracts. All of the three extracts showed concentration-dependant scavenging activities against DPPH radicals, among which white ginseng showed the most powerful activity. Cultured wild ginseng roots showed strongest effect against both B. subtilis PM 125(Gram-positive) and E. coli D31 (Gram-negative) bacteria, while red ginseng and white ginseng only showed the activity against B. subtilis. According to the result of the MTT assay, ail of the three extracts inhibited the growth of U-937 human hohistiocytic lympma cell, which were significantly different (p < 0.05) when compared to the control.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng (PG) has a long history of use in Asian medicine because of its multiple pharmacological activities. It has been considered that PG in a type of white ginseng may induce undesirable thermogenic effects, but not in a type of red ginseng. However, there is a lack of evidence about the correlation between ginsenoside and thermogenesis. Methods: We investigated the effects of PG with different ginsenoside compositions on body temperature, blood pressure, and thermogenesis-related factors in rats. Results: With increasing steaming time (0 h, 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h), the production of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides increased, whereas protopanaxatriol ginsenosides decreased in white ginseng. In both short- and long-term studies, administration of four ginseng extracts prepared at different steaming times did not induce significant changes in body temperature (skin, tail, and rectum) and blood pressure of rats compared to saline control. In addition, there were no significant differences in the molecular markers related to thermogenesis (p > 0.05), mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-$1{\alpha}$ and uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue, as well as the serum levels of interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitrite among the treatment groups. Conclusion: These observations indicate that the potential undesirable effects of PG on body temperature could not be explained by the difference in ginsenoside composition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1252-1257
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• 1997

In order to investigate the immunomodulatory mechanism of white ginseng, the effects of total saponin of Ginsenoside Rb$_2$component on the phagocytosis and reactive oxygen intermediate(ROI) production of mouse peritoneal macrophages were studied. Both phagocytosis assay nitrobluetetrazolium reduction test showed 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of total saponin significantly increased the activity of phagocytosis and production of ROI. Also cytokine gene expression of the macrophages was analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In the RT-PCR assay, 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml concentration of either total saponin or Ginsenoside Rb$_2$increased IL-1 and TNF expression of the macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of free lipids and bound lipids from fresh ginseng, red ginseng and white ginseng were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Free lipid and bound lipid contents in those three samples were 1.21 to 1.45% and 0.32 to 0.45%. Neutral lipid fractions in free lipids from the samples were 76.6 to 79.7%, while glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were 11.6 to 14.7% and 8.5 to 8.7%, respectively. The major lipids were triglycerides, sterol esters and hydrocarbons, diglycerides and free sterols in neutral lipids, sterol glucoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride, esterified steryl glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride in glycolipids and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol in phospholipids. Fourteen kinds of even numbered and four kinds of odd numbered fatty acids were identified in the four lipid fractions (TL, NL, GL and PL) by GLC, and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2003

In this study, the feasibility of magnetic resonance techniques for nondestructive internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginseng was examined. Relaxation time constants were measured using various grades of red ginsengs. Solid state magnetic resonance imaging technique was applied to image dried red ginsengs which have low moisture contents (about 13%). A 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging system operating at a proton resonant frequency of 300 ㎒ was used for acquiring MR images of dried Korean red ginseng. The comparison test of cross cut digital images and magnetic resonance images of heaven grade, good grade with cavity inside, and good grade with white part inside red ginseng suggested the feasibility of the internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginsengs using MRI techniques. A good grade red ginseng included abnormal tissues such as cavities or white parts inside was observed by the signal intensity of MR image based on magnetic resonance properties of proton nucleus. Analysis on an one dimensional profile of acquired MR image of Korean red ginseng showed easy discrimination of normal and abnormal tissues. MR techniques suggested ways to detect internal defects of red ginsengs effectively.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.78-86
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• 2015

Objectives Although ginseng has been reported to protect neuronal cells and improve various cognitive functions, relationship between ginseng supplementation and response inhibition, one of the important cognitive domains has not been explored. In addition, effects of ginseng on in vivo human brain have not been investigated using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of the current study is to investigate changes in intrusion errors and white matter microstructure after Korean Red Ginseng supplementation using standardized neuropsychological tests and DTI. Methods Fifty-one healthy participants were randomly allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (n = 26) or placebo (n = 25) groups for 8 weeks. The California Verbal Learning Test was used to assess the number of intrusion errors. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured with the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured from the brain DTI data. Results After the 8-week intervention, Korean Red Ginseng supplementation significantly reduced intrusion errors after adjusting age, sex, IQ, and baseline score of the intrusion errors (p for interaction = 0.005). Change in FA values in the left anterior corona radiata was greater in the Korean Red Ginseng group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.29, p = 0.04). Conclusions Korean Red Ginseng supplementation may be efficacious for improving response inhibition and white matter microstructure integrity in the prefrontal cortex.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.17-18
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• 2001

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been the most highly recognized medicinal herb in the Orient. The prolonged administration of red ginseng extract significantly inhibited the incidence of hepatoma and also proliferation of pulmonary tumors induced by aflatoxin B$_1$and urethane. Statistically significant anticarcinogenic effects were observed in powders and extract of 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng by 9 week medium-term anticarcinogenicity test using benzo［a］pyrene (Yun's model).(omitted)