• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 1999

Microbiological quality of commercial white ginseng was examined, together with investigation on its water absorption pattern and radiosensitivity of molds isolated from the samples. Comparative effects of phosphine fumigation and gamma irradiation on microbial control and disinfestation of the samples packed in a commercial laminated film and stored for six months at ambient(20oC, 70% RH) and accelerated(40oC, 90% RH) conditions were studied. Commercial white ginseng was contaminated with coliforms by 103~104CFU/g and molds by 102~104CFU/g and thus decontamination process was required for hygienic quality and storage stability. Phosphine fumigation showed no sterilizing effects on microbes contaminated, while gamma irradiation at around 5kGy was effective for decontaminating microorganisms, showing D10 values of 0.48~0.60kGy for isolated molds. Even though the storage insects, Plodia interpuctella Hubner and Lasioderma serricorne(cigarette beetle) were easily destroyed by phosphine fumigation, gamma irradiation less than 5kGy was found effective for both purposes to improve biological quality of stored white ginseng, thereby extending the storage life of packed samples resulting from increased critical moisture content by about 1%(Aw 0.76).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2015

Background: Korean ginseng is a well-known medicinal herb that has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including asthma. Ginseng can be classified as white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG), according to processing conditions. In this study, the authors compared the efficacies of these two ginseng types in a mouse model of acute asthma. Methods: To produce the acute asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and then challenged with OVA. WG and RG extracts were administered to mice orally. The influences of WG and RG on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), immune cell distributions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were investigated. Cytokine production by lymphocytes isolated from peribronchial lymph nodes and histopathological changes was also examined. Results: In OVA-sensitized mice, both WG and RG reduced AHR and suppressed immune cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar regions. BALF OVA-specific IgE levels were significantly lower in RG-treated OVAsensitized mice than in the OVA-sensitized control group. WG and RG also suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by peribronchial lymphocytes. Histopathological findings showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodeling (e.g., epithelial hyperplasia) in WG- and RG-treated OVA mice compared with OVA controls. Conclusion: In this study, WG and RG showed antiasthmatic effects in an OVA-sensitized mouse model, and the efficacies of RG were found to be better than those of WG.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1109-1113
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• 2005

압출성형 온도에 따른 백삼과 홍삼분말의 팽화현상을 살펴보기 위해 팽화율, 미세구조 및 유동특성을 분석하였다. 압출성 형 공정 변수는 원료(백삼과 홍삼가루)와 사출구 부위온도($100^{\circ}C$ 와 $115^{\circ}C$)로 설정하였다. 사출구 부위온도가 $120^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온에서 잘 팽화되지만, 백삼분말과 홍삼분말은$100^{\circ}C$에서 사출구 직경방향으로 팽화율이 높았으나 $115^{\circ}C$로 증가와 함께 사출구 직경방향 팽화율은 감소하였으나 가로 방향으로 팽화율이 증가하여 비연속적인 팽화가 일어나 압출성형물 표면은 기공의 파열에 거칠었다. 또한 백삼 압출물의 미세구조는 사출구 온도$100^{\circ}C$에서 기공이 작고 균일하였지만 $115^{\circ}C$로 증가와 함께 기공의 파열에 의해 기공의 크기가 불균일하고 크기도 증가한 것을 관찰하였다. 백삼분말과 압출성형 백삼분말은 의가소성유체였으며 고유점도는 사출구 부위온도가 증가함에 따라 감소하여 사출구 부위온도의 증가와 함께 백삼전분의 구조가 파괴되어 분자량이 감소하는 것으로 판단되었다. 분자량의 감소와 함께 용융반죽의 점도가 낮아져 압출성형 온도 $115^{\circ}C$에서 직경 팽화율의 감소와 함께 불연속적인 팽화가 일어난 것으로 판단되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.295-302
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• 1984

저장 홍, 백삼 중의 Phenol계 화합물의 함량 및 항산화 활성을 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 홍, 백삼중은 유리형 Phenol계 화합물의 함량은 결합형 보다 적었다. 2. 유리 Phenol계 산의 함량은 저장기간이 긴것 일수록 적었으나 결합형의 phenol 산의 함량은 별차이가 없었다. 3. 홍, 백삼중 전체 Phenol계 화합물의 50~80%를 차지하는 maltol의 함량은 홍삼과저장기간이 오랠수록 많았다. 4. 항산화 활성은 백삼에 비하여 홍삼이 강하였으나 저장기간에 따르는 차이는 인정되지 않았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 1996

Chemical components of Panax (P) species were compared. p. species used were Korean white ginseng, Korean, Chinese and Japanese red ginseng (P ginseng), American and Canadian ginseng (P. quinquefolium) , and sanchl ginseng (P. notoginseng). No significant difference in the proximate contents was observed among P. species. Ash, crude lipld and total sugar contents in root of P. notoginseng were found to be relatively lower than those of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolium, but the contents of crude protein and crude fiber were similar among those ginsengs. Mineral nutrient con tents showed a little difference among ginseng species. Total nitrogen contents were slightly higher in P. ginseng than P. quinquefolium and P. notoginseng and Fe and Cu were lower in Chinese and Japanese red ginsengs. Kinds and compositions of amino acids were similar but contents of amino acids were different among ginseng species. Total amino acid contents were 76.3∼83.9 mg/g in P. ginseng 53.8∼60.4 mg/g in p. quinquefolium and 54.9 mg/g in P notoginseng. Free sugar contents were lower in P. notoginseng than P. ginseng or P. quinquefolium. Sucrose accounted for 90∼92% of total free sugar contents with relatively high content in white ginsengs, while sucrose and maltose were 32-36% and 55∼60%, respectively, in red ginseng.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.508-512
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• 2005

고려인삼의 수출확대를 위해서 백삼 및 태극삼의 사포닌(saponin) 함량에 대한 중국 고려인삼 수입의약품 둥록기준 설정의 기초 자료를 얻고자 조사하였다. 백삼 50구의 크기에 따른 초특대편, 특대편, 대편, 중편 및 소편의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 각각 664.7, 796.9, 674.7, 839.0 및 646.6 mg%이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 각각 1.0, 1.2, 0.8, 1.0 및 1.0의 분포였다. 태극삼 13구의 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re및 -Rb1의 평균 함량은 755.1 mg%, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.28이었다. 그리고 백삼 50구의 Rg1 평균값은 $232.7{\pm}110.2 mg%$, Re평균값은 $235.3{\pm}101.5 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $280.1{\pm}121.3 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $748.2{\pm}299.4 mg%$이었으며, Rg1/Re의 비율은 1.02이었다. 또한 태극삼 13구의 사포닌 성분의 분석결과, Rg1 평균값은 $262.1{\pm}127.2 mg%$, Re 평균값은 $213.1{\pm}55.7 mg%$, Rb1 평균값은 $279.9{\pm}92.1 mg%$으로 이들의 합은 $755.1{\pm}233.6 mg%$이었다. 백삼과 태극삼의 사포닌 조성 및 함량은 중국수입의약품 등록기준인 ginsenoside-Rg1, -Re 및 -Rb1 값의 합이 0.4% 이상이라는 기준규격에 적합하였고, HPLC-ELSD로 분석시 인삼의 분석방법별 기준인 ginsenoside -Rg1과 -Re의 함량비($Rg1/Re{\Leq}3.87$)에 부합되었다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.243-254
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• 2020

Objectives : Network pharmacology analysis is commonly used to investigate the synergies and potential mechanisms of multiple compounds by analyzing complex, multi-layered networks. We used TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM databases to compare results of network pharmacological analysis between White Ginseng(WG) and Red Ginseng(RG). Methods : WG and RG were compared with components and their target molecules using TCMSP database, and compound-target-pathway/disease networks were compared using BATMAN-TCM database. Results : Through TCMSP, 104 kinds of target molecules were derived from WG and 38 kinds were derived from RG. Using the BATMAN-TCM database, target pathways and diseases were screened, and more target pathways and diseases were screened compared to RG due to the high composition of WG ingredients. Analysis of component-target-pathway/disease network using network analysis tools provided by BATMAN-TCM showed that WG formed more networks than RG. Conclusions : Network pharmacology analysis can be effectively performed using various databases used in system biology research, and although the materials that have been reported in the past can be used efficiently for research on diseases related to targets, the results are unreliable if prior studies are focused on limited or narrow research areas.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2022

시판 유통 중인 건조 인삼류(백삼 24점, 홍삼 26점) 포장 제품을 수집하여 곰팡이 발생 조사를 수행하였다. 백삼과 홍삼은 각각 50%와 46%의 시료에서 곰팡이가 검출되었고 검출 시료의 평균 곰팡이 오염도는 각각 0.5와 0.2 log₁₀ CFU/g이었다. 백삼에서는 Penicillium polonicum, P. chrysogenum, Rhizopus microsporus가 각각 18.2%로 우점하였으나 홍삼은 Aspergillus spp.이 87.6%로 우점하였으며 이 중 A. chevalieri가 50.0%로 가장 높았다. 이 중 독성 종으로 알려진 P. polonicum, P. chrysogenum, P. melanoconidium, A. chevalieri 균주의 citrinin 독소 생성 가능성을 분석한 결과, 13 균주 모두 독소 유전자가 검출되지 않았다. 이 결과는 조사한 시료의 곰팡이독소 오염 위험은 매우 낮지만, 건조 인삼류에 곰팡이 오염이 가능함을 보여준다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 1998

Comparative cytotoxic activities of petroleum ether soluble fraction from various ginsengs of Panax species were evaluated using A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) and SK-OV-3(human ovary carcinoma) cancer cell lines. Korean red ginseng, Korean white ginseng, American ginseng and Canadian ginseng were found to show more potent cytotoxicitles on A549 and SK-OV-3 cell lines than Chinese red ginseng, Japanese red ginseng and Sanchi ginseng. It is noteworthy that especially, red ginseng prepared from the root of Panax ginseng cultivated in Korea shows relatively stronger cytotoxic activities than those cultivated in China and Japan.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference in chemical characteristics between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). content of total sugar as chemical components of naeback and saengnaeback part from Korean red ginseng were less than that of normal part, and content of reducing sugar in normal and saengnaebakc part showed higher than that of naeback part. But differences in content of total phenolic compounds was not found. The content of crude saponin in normal part was highest, amounts of ginsneoside were about same. The content of constituent amino acid in normal part was about 2 times as compared with those in naeback and saengnaeback part in red ginseng. Among the various amino acids, the contents of arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and alanine of normal and naeback part were higher than others, but in saengnaeback proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonin and glycine etc. were higher. In the total amount of free amino acids, those in normal, naeback and saengnaeback part were about the same one another, and arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were major free amino acids.