• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1246-1252
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition levels of a phosphate replacer blend in ground pork sausages. The phosphate replacer consisted of 0.2% oyster shell calcium powder, 0.3% egg shell calcium powder, and 0.25% whey protein concentrate. Depending on the presence or absence of synthetic phosphate and the addition level of phosphate replacer, the following products were processed: control (+) (0.3% phosphate), control (-) (non-phosphate), 20AL (20% replacer), 40AL (40% replacer), 60AL (60% replacer), 80AL (80% replacer), and 100AL (100% replacer). The pH values of pork sausages increased (p<0.05) with increasing addition level of the phosphate replacer. When more than 40% of the phosphate replacer was added to pork samples (40AL, 60AL, 80AL, and 100AL), cooking loss was significantly reduced compared to both the control (+) and control (-). However, no significant differences were observed in the moisture content and CIE $L^*$ values between the controls and the treatments with a phosphate replacer. The control (+) and 100AL treatment had the highest (p<0.05) hardness, but the samples with the phosphate replacer were not significantly different in cohesiveness and springiness from the control (+). As addition level increased, the gumminess and chewiness of the products with the phosphate replacer increased, which were lower than those of the control (+). Therefore, more than 40% of a phosphate replacer may possibly substitute synthetic phosphate to improve product yields in ground pork sausages, although further studies may be needed for improving the textural properties of the final products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.459-473
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• 2019

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) has low resistance to low pH and bile salt in the gastrointestinal juice. In this study, the gel made from whey protein concentrate (WPC) and pullulan (PUL) was used as the wall material to prepare the microencapsulation for LGG protection. The gelation process was optimized and the properties of gel were also determined. The results showed the optimal gel was made from 10% WPC and 8.0% PUL at pH 7.5, which could get the best protective effect; the viable counts of LGG were 6.61 Log CFU/g after exposure to simulated gastric juice (SGJ) and 9.40 Log CFU/g to simulated intestinal juice (SIJ) for 4 h. Sodium dodecyl sulphite polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed that the WPC-PUL gel had low solubility in SGJ, but dissolved well in SIJ, which suggested that the gel can protect LGG under SGJ condition and release probiotics in the SIJ. Moreover, when the gel has highest hardness and water-holding capacity, the viable counts of LGG were not the best, suggesting the relationship between the protection and the properties of the gel was non-linear.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 2022

Maillard conjugates are formed by covalent bonds between proteins and polysaccharides. Understanding the functional properties of Maillard conjugates, including emulsifying and antioxidant properties, can be crucial when Maillard conjugates are used in processed foods. This study aimed to manufacture whey protein isolate (WPI)/Inulin Maillard conjugates and investigate how manufacturing variables including heating temperature and pH affect the functional properties of Maillard conjugates. The surface properties, emulsifying properties, and antioxidant properties of Maillard conjugates were assessed by varying heating temperature and pH. The grafting degree of WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugates increased with increasing pH and heating temperature, indicating enhanced conjugation efficiency. Surface hydrophobicity, emulsifying properties (including emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index), and ABTS radical scavenging ability of WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugates increased as pH and heating temperature were increased. In conclusion, WPI/Inulin Maillard conjugates were successfully manufactured, and pH and heating temperature were critical factors in enhancing Maillard conjugate functional properties.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.219-229
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• 2023

Consumer demand for products with health benefits and natural ingredients is significant for the expansion of functional foods. Edible films and coatings are an excellent way to diversify the market for functional foods and as substitutes for the prevailing packaging and products. Incorporation of whey protein (WP) and its active ingredients into edible films and coatings is a promising technique that can be applied to various food products. Numerous combinations can be used on an industrial scale depending on the purpose, product, nature of the film, type of active ingredient, and type of inclusions. In this review, we describe several characteristics of edible WP films and coatings used as novel packaging materials. WP-based packaging can play a beneficial role in sustainability because of the option of recycling materials rather than incinerating, as in synthetic laminates, because of the use of natural byproducts from the food industry as raw materials. However, cost-effectiveness is a driving force against industrial setbacks in current and future WP processing developments. The industrial application of this new technology depends on further scientific research aimed at identifying the mechanism of film formation to improve the performance of both the process and product. Furthermore, research such as consumer studies and long-term toxicity assessments are required to obtain significant market shares.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2024

This study investigated the quality characteristics of butter sponge cakes added with whey protein concentrate (WPC)(0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 100%) added as a fat substitute. The density of the dough of butter sponge cakes significantly increased with higher levels of added WPC and the pH decreased (F=248.38, p<.001). The moisture content also decreased significantly (F=3.151, p < .05). However, the volume (F=9.556, p<.01) and specific volume (F=11.15, p<.001) significantly increased. With respect to color, there was no significant difference in the lightness (L) value of the crumb, but the redness (a) value increased significantly with higher levels of added WPC (F=12.616, p < .001), while the yellowness (b) value decreased significantly (F=4.550, p<.01). Regarding the crust, the L values (F=3.791, p<.01) and b values (F=7.000, p<.001) decreased significantly with higher levels of added WPC, while the (a) values increased significantly (F=4.706, p<.01). The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the raw WPC used in the manufacture of butter sponge cakes was found to be 27.45%, but this increased significantly as the amount of WPC added to butter sponge cakes increased (F=45.237, p<.001). In a consumer preference test, the flavor, appearance, texture, odor, and overall acceptability were highest in the case of WPC-10 when taking advantage of the functional advantages of WPC as a lowfat substitute, confirming the development potential and optimal amount of WPC that should be added to butter sponge cakes.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2014

In general, whey obtained from various cheese batches is being reused, so as to improve the texture and to increase the yield and the nutrient value of the various final milk-based products. In fact, re-usage of whey proteins, including whey cream, is a common and routine procedure. Unfortunately, most bacteriophages can survive heat treatments such as pasteurization. Hence, there is a high risk of an increase in the bacteriophage population during the cheese-making process. Whey samples contaminated with bacteriophages can cause serious problems in the cheese industry. In particular, the process of whey separation frequently leads to aerosol-borne bacteriophages and thus to a contaminated environment in the dairy production plant. In addition, whey proteins and whey cream reused in a cheese matrix can be infected by bacteriophages with thermal resistance. Therefore, to completely abolish the various risks of fermentation failure during re-usage of whey, a whey treatment that effectively decreases the bacteriophage population is urgently needed and indispensable. Hence, the purpose of this review is to introduce various newly developed methods and state-of-the-art technologies for removing bacteriophages from contaminated whey and whey products.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1963-1973
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets' diets with and without whey powder. Methods: Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]×Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results: The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.719-726
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• 2006

Bovine whey protein are rich in cysteine, which is the rate limiting amino acid for synthesis of antioxidant glutathione(GSH). Some strains of Lactobacillus caseihas been reported to contain high level of GSH in cell extracts. The objective ofthis study was to determine whether enzymatically hydrolyzed whey protein isolate(WPI) and cell extract of Lb. casei HY2782 could increase intracellular GSH concentrations and protect against oxidant induced cell death in human prostate epithelial cell line (designated as RWPE1, and PC3MMM2 cells). Treatment of RWPE1 cellsandPC3MMM2 cells with hydrolyzed WPI (500g/ml) significantly increased GSH by28.2% and38.4% respectively. Compared with control cells receiving no hydrolyzed WPI(P<0.05). hydrolyzed WPI and Lb casei HY2782 cell extracts significantly protected RWPE1 and PC3MMM2 cellsfrom oxidant induced cell death compared with controls receiving no WPI. DNA damage associated with oxidant treatment was demonstrated by single cell gel (SCG) electrophoresis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2010

The effects of substituting whey protein isolate (WPI) for butter in the preparation of butter sponge cake were determined by objective and subjective tests. The specific gravity of cake batter, the cooking loss and moisture content of cake were all decreased with increasing amounts of WPI, whereas specific loaf volume was increased. With increasing WPI content, redness of crust and crumb, as well as lightness of crumb were increased, whereas lightness of crust, as well as yellowness of crust and crumb were all decreased. Hardness, chewiness, gumminess, adhesiveness and fracturability were increased significantly with increasing amounts of WPI, however, cohesiveness, springiness, and resilience were decreased. In the sensory evaluation, 20% WPI-substituted cake displayed scores similar to those of control. These results suggest that substitution of 20% WPI could be the best ratio for the preparation of butter sponge cake.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

Food allergy is defined as adverse reactions toward food mediated by aberrant immune mechanisms. Therefore, an allergic response to a food antigen can be thought of as an aberrant mucosal immune response. Food allergy most often begins in the first 1~2 years of life with the process of sensitization by which the immune system responds to specific food proteins, most often with the development of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Over time, most food allergeies are lost, although allergy to some foods is often long lived. The most important allergen sources involved in early food allergy are milk, eggs, peanut, soybean, meat, fish and cereals. Milk allergy seem to be associated with casein and whey protein. Important features of proteins as allergenicity are size, abundance and stability. Strategies for the prevention of milk allergy is breast-feeding, partially hydrolysised infant formula, using of probiotics, immune components in milk, preparation of low allergenicity milk protein and allergy therapy (immune therapy).