• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

PURPOSES : This paper presents a description of the current issues facing road managers regarding the surface-type conversion of low-volume roads for cost savings. METHODS: The paper reviews previous works conducted toward this end, acknowledges gaps in the current research, and lays out what information is needed for further studies. RESULTS : If the cost to maintain an unsurfaced road is less than the cost of maintaining a surfaced road, then there is potential for cost savings for the management agency. However, the problem is bigger than simply maintaining the roads that already exist. If unsurfaced roads prove to be more economical than surfaced roads, then the cost to convert from a surfaced to an unsurfaced roadway, and vice versa, when necessary, must also be examined. CONCLUSIONS : No other studies have addressed the un-surfacing of a road for cost savings, and it is therefore unknown whether substantial savings can be realistically obtained by converting from a surfaced to an unsurfaced road. To determine whether a conversion policy would be a viable option, additional data and research are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1196-1204
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• 2002

This research was to see if the fashion product ads are standardized or differentiated, and to find what were the determinants if any differentiation existed. The purpose of this study was to identify cultural characteristics significant on marketing fashion produce. In addition, the relative importance of product appeals between rational and emotional in the fashion ads was examined. Hofstede's(l991) three cultural characteristics dimensions such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity were used. Content analysis was applied in the study. Magazine ads of apparel, cosmetics and accessories were collected from France, Japan, Korea and the US in 1999-2000. Cultural characteristics of the fashion ads were evaluated and compared in terms of country, product type and product involvement. Also ten consumption appeals were examined for county and product type. ANOVA, Duncan test and $X^2$ test were applied to analyze data. The results were shown as follows: First, all the cultural characteristics such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and femininity-masculinity were different among countries. Second, two product appeals were significantly different among countries. Hedonic appeals were dominant fur France and the US while those were not for Korea and Japan. Third, product involvement level had significant impact on power distance characteristic and product appeals. Ads of high involvement fashion goods showed larger power distance and more emotional appeals. In conclusion, global fashion ads should be differentiated in terms of some cultural characteristics and product appeals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.938-941
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• 2012

LED is divided to multichannel in order not to exceed a certain voltage in aspects of electric standard. However, it's not possible to know in accordance with what channel SMPS controls the constant voltage and current. In order to solve this problem, it needs to detect the maximum LED String voltage which is applied to LED control circuit, and it is possible to minimize the voltage drop when a difference of LED string voltage occurs by each channel if LED is controlled by the maximum LED string voltage detected. In addition, it is also possible to maximize the efficiency of LED if change LED voltage by detecting the maximum voltage. Feasibility of this claim was verified through implementation of the circuit.

• MALSORI
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• no.35_36
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• pp.37-48
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• 1998

When we hear someone's voice, even without having met the person before, we usually make up a certain mental image of the person. This study aims at investigating the relationship between the voice and the image information carried within the voice. Does the mental picture created by the voice closely reflect the real image and if not, is it related with the real image at all\ulcorner To answer the first question, a perception experiment was carried out. Speech samples reading a short sentence from 8 males and 8 females were recorded and pictures of subjects were also taken. Ajou University students were asked to participate in the experiment to match the voice with the corresponding picture. Participants in the experiment correctly match 1 female voice and 4 male voices with their corresponding pictures. However, it is interesting to note that even in cases of mismatch, the results show that there is a very strong tendency. In other words, even though participants falsely match a certain voice with a certain picture, majority of them chose the same picture for the voice. It is the case for all mismatches. It seems that voice does give the listener a certain impression about physical characteristics even if it might not be always correct. By showing that there is a clear relationship between voice and image, this study provides a starting point for further research on voice characteristics: what characteristics of the voice carry the relevant information\ulcorner This kind of study will contribute toward the understanding of the affective domain of human voice and toward the speech technology.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.126-140
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• 2005

The main purpose of this research was to examine what were the factors of shopping value that consumers perceived, if there is any difference between male and female, and if male and female consumer group were divided into different groups according to the pursuing shopping value type. Data were solicited from convenience sample of 347 adults(156 male and 191 female) who were between 19 to 49 years of age. Sources for the sample were companies and apartment complexes and several colleges in Seoul and Chonan to diversify by such demographics as age and social status. The statistical methods used for this study are factor analysis and cluster analysis and Scheffe test using a SPSS 10.00 GLM. The main findings are as follows: First, four dimensions of clothing shopping values were identified as pleasure, planned, leisure, and convenience value. For male, it appeared in the order of pleasure, leisure, planned, and convenience shopping value and for female, it appeared in the order of pleasure, planned, leisure, and convenience shopping value. The most important subdimension of clothing shopping value was 'pursuing pleasure' and the least important one was 'convenience' regardless of gender. Second, three types of consumer groups for male & female were identified. For male consumers, it appeared as planned, leisure/convenience, and pleasure pursuing group. For female consumers, it appeared as pleasure, convenience, and leisure shopping pursuing group. Here, pleasure is a common factors to affect shopping itself free from gender, but male does shopping with plan and female with pleasure.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.101-109
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• 2018

In an age when a small quantity of sperm can lead to pregnancy through in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection, selecting healthy sperm is important. Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is known to be higher in infertile men. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) and the alkaline comet test are SDF tests that directly measure DNA damage and have shown closer correlations with assisted reproduction results than indirect tools such as the sperm chromatin structure assay or the sperm chromatic dispersion test. It is difficult; however, to endorse a single test as the best test overall; instead, it is best to select a testing method based on each patient's clinical condition and goals. In a couple struggling with infertility, if the male partner has a high level of SDF, he should aim to decrease SDF through lifestyle modifications, antioxidant treatment, and ensuring an appropriate duration of abstinence, and physicians need to treat the underlying diseases of such patients. If sperm DNA damage continues despite the patient's and physician's efforts, other methods, such as micromanipulation-based sperm selection or testicular sperm extraction, should be used to select healthy sperm with nuclear DNA integrity.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.296-301
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• 2019

An epileptic seizure is defined as the transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. The type of seizure is defined by the mode of onset and termination, clinical manifestation, and by the abnormal enhanced synchrony. If seizures recur, that state is defined as epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of treatment. Knowledge about initiating and maintaining adequate AEDs is beneficial for the clinician who treats children with epilepsy. This article will delineate the general principles for selecting, introducing, and discontinuing AEDs and outline guidelines for monitoring adverse effects. In general, AED therapy following a first unprovoked seizure in children is not recommended. However, treatment should be considered after a second seizure. In children and adolescents, if they are seizure-free for at least 2 years, attempts to withdraw medication/s should be made, taking into account the risks vs. benefits for the individual patient. The decision on when and what AED to use should be tailored according to the patient. For optimal treatment, the selection of adequate AEDs can be achieved by considering the precise definition of the patient's seizure and epilepsy syndrome. Continuous monitoring of both therapeutic and adverse effects is critical for successful treatment with AEDs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.257-260
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• 2014

Digital Forensics in the event of an accident, the system restore files and the only way to find evidence KT Website hacking happening now, credit card companies, and leakage of personal information by three recent spills occurred, such as Skin Food Home Up Customer Information hackers to find these crimes only means as well. This study attempted to bypass the KT website hacking attacks utilizing automated programs hacking programs, and if you try to experiment on whether any information has been disclosed and if so what home attacked forensics evidence for hackers to locate the can make a report is described.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2022

Purpose: In this study we aim to identify factors affecting successful inter-firm collaboration. We tried to find out whether government subsidies to small-business owners should be made to experienced and competent cooperatives or to cooperatives with potential even if inexperienced. Research design, data and methodology: Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), we examine if evaluation criteria for the Small Business Collaboration Grant (SBCG) reflect the potential of successful collaboration of applicant cooperatives. Results: We found that experts tend to think that applicant cooperatives without any experience as a recipient for the SBSG need to be evaluated by their growth potential and their preparation of the application rather than by their business performance or achievement history. The weight of the evaluation must be different between the growth potential and the achievements already achieved. By means of an expert survey, we confirmed that Rookies should weigh evaluation indicators that can reflect their growth potential, and experienced groups should give weight to evaluation indicators that can reflect their achievements. Conclusions: For SBCG applicants with experiences, experts tend to weigh more on SBCG business performances and feasible sharing systems. The screening procedure for the first applicant cooperatives need to focus more on "partner selection" stage, whereas elements related to "realization" apply to experienced applicant cooperatives.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.108-120
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• 2022

We considered qualitative behaviour of the generalization of Einstein's model of Brownian motion when the key parameter of the time interval of free jump degenerates. Fluids will be characterised by number of particles per unit volume (density of fluid) at point of observation. Degeneration of the phenomenon manifests in two scenarios: a) flow of the fluid, which is highly dispersing like a non-dense gas and b) flow of fluid far away from the source of flow, when the velocity of the flow is incomparably smaller than the gradient of the density. First, we will show that both types of flows can be modeled using the Einstein paradigm. We will investigate the question: What features will particle flow exhibit if the time interval of the free jump is inverse proportional to the density and its gradient ? We will show that in this scenario, the flow exhibits localization property, namely: if at some moment of time t₀ in the region, the gradient of the density or density itself is equal to zero, then for some T during time interval [t₀, t₀ + T] there is no flow in the region. This directly links to Barenblatt's finite speed of propagation property for the degenerate equation. The method of the proof is very different from Barenblatt's method and based on the application of Ladyzhenskaya - De Giorgi iterative scheme and Vespri - Tedeev technique. From PDE point of view it assumed that solution exists in appropriate Sobolev type of space.