• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.535-541
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• 2004

For housing estate of a new administrative capital city, Noise reduction method is a important design factor. As measuring a noise level of traffic noise according to separation from road, it can be created a quite housing estate. Analyzing of merits and demerits in sound barrier walls and tunnels can be proposed environment friendly soundproofing facilities. Number of measurement was performed to know what kind of layout of housing estate is good for noise reduction. Through this measurement, ㄷ shaped layout or parallel layout has the advantage of sound insulation rather than right angled layout. In this case (ㄷ shaped layout or parallel layout) buildings neighboring to the road should be designed to insulate sound. Evergreen trees should be planted between housing estate and road more than 30m (at least 7～8m) in order to reduce noise and have masking effects. If broad-leaved trees are planted more than 30m, approximately 10dB noise is reduced and 2～4dB if 7～8m. Roads in the estate should be designed considering pedestrians first, and special roads for moving and ambulance should be designed as skew road, if possible. The result shows that 15$^{\circ}$-sloped‘S’road reduces 1～2dB noise and 30$^{\circ}$-sloped road reduces 4～7dB. If noise barrier is inevitably installed, it should be designed to go well wit neighboring environment so as to install Environment Friendly Noise Barrier using materials and trees including wood and soil. Through this study the results are used to guideline for construction of environment friendly housing estate

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.142
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• pp.27-50
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• 2017

When we lose our memories or when our self-identity becomes blurred, we may feel as if our mind has split into multiple minds. If someone makes another 'me' by copying my body and mind, how should two conscious 'I's change their credences? In this article, we present a new thought experiment that can be called the 'Two Adams Problem'. This thought experiment represents a piece of philosophical inquiry that speculates on the nature of self-consciousness information that 'I am awake now'. On Sunday evening, as soon as Adam falls asleep, the philosopher Roro makes another Adam by copying Adam's original body and mind. They sleep separately in another room. Within a minute, Roro throws a fair coin. If the coin lands heads up Roro wakes just one of the Adams up on Monday. If the coin lands tails up Roro wakes both Adams up. On Monday, at least one of the Adams will wake up. To what degree ought they believe that the outcome of the coin toss is heads? We will argue that the correct answer to this question is 1/2.

• Strategy21
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• s.30
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• pp.263-285
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• 2012

History, demonstrating convincingly that pirates have arisen continuously for a lengthy period of time throughout the world, is able to become a cooperative study of international law in terms of pirates matters ; Viking pirates. There are beneficial topics for the study of true nature of viking activities and the settlement of present pirates matters ; How were the pirates activities of Vikings, What sort of relations do they have between Vikings and other pirates which have arisen in world history, What are the differences compared to present concept of pirates. There were active pirates activities in the coast and waters of Scandinavia even before the period of the Migration Age because of geographical condition. With those experiences, Vikings began to ambush Britain Islands sailing across the North Sea since the late 8C, ages of migration in earnest. They ambushed all coasts of the European Continent expending boundary until the late of 11C. Pirate activities in a sort of guerrilla operations were operated when they encountered Islams in the Iberian Peninsula and the coast of North Africa. They showed twofold attitudes ; if the defence of the region and sea was weak, they plundered, or if strong, traded. In plundered europeans' position, Vikings were pirates with cruelty and barbarians. In vikings position, they were normal human beings who did a pirate activity to lead a better life. Viking pirates showed different characteristics in terms of three aspects ; area and aspect of action, activity after piracy. Meanwhile, Viking pirates showed several differences with pirates defined in terms of modern international law. Among the satisfying conditions of pirates, required by the international law of the sea, Vikings fulfilled animus furandi, desire for gain, activities for hatred and revenge, and private ends. Other conditions including attacking authority of the vessels, activities toward private ships, activities in the coast and the land, and illegal terroristic activities toward ships are found in viking pirates. However, Viking pirates do not show the activities in high seas and in the outside of a State's jurisdiction. In addition, it cannot be excluded that they pirated with vessels of regional leaders and the Sovereign, not private ships. Contrary to the definition of concept in terms of modern international law toward pirates, Viking invaded foreign waters, came on shore to foreign land and island, went up-stream the rivers to the back of interior, and attacked churches and abbeys. Strangely, they sometimes settled down in the places where they had pirated. Today, pirates appearing in history and defined in international law exist simultaneously and separately. It means, the historical nature and the nature under the international law are turning up differently. Historical cases of pirates should be reflected to modern international law. If so, it seems that the clue to solve pirate problems can be arranged. History is the immortal living thing, which not just existed as a past but reflects present.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.105-111
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• 2018

Last March, the world Go competition between AlphaGo, AI Go program developed by Google Deep Mind and professional Go player Lee Sedol has shown us that the 4th industrial revolution using AI has come close. Especially, there ar many system combined with AI hae been developing including program for researching legal information, system for expecting jurisdiction, and processing big data, there is saying that even AI legal person is ready for its appearance. As legal field is mostly based on text-based document, such characteristic makes it easier to adopt artificial intelligence technology. When a legal person receives a case, the first thing to do is searching for legal information and judical precedent, which is the one of the strength of AI. It is very difficult for a human being to utilize a flow of legal knowledge and figures by analyzing them but for AI, this is nothing but a simple job. The ability of AI searching for regulation, precedent, and literature related to legal issue is way over our expectation. AI is evaluated to be able to review 1 billion pages of legal document per second and many people agree that lot of legal job will be replaced by AI. Along with development of AI service, legal service is becoming more advanced and if it devotes to ethical solving of legal issues, which is the final goal, not only the legal field but also it will help to gain nation's trust. If nations start to trust the legal service, it would never be completely replaced by AI. What is more, if it keeps offering advanced, ethical, and quick legal service, value of law devoting to the society will increase and finally, will make contribution to the nation. In this time where we have to compete with AI, we should try hard to increase value of traditional legal service provided by human. In the future, priority of good legal person will be his/her ability to use AI. The only field left to human will be understanding and recovering emotion of human caused by legal problem, which cannot be done by AI's controlling function. Then, what would be the attitude of legal people in this period? It would be to learn the new technology and applying in the field rather than going against it, this will be the way to survive in this new AI period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 1994

This study was taken to increase efficiency in reviewing documents of school facilities from the network of ERIV(Educational Resources and Information Center, USA). Outline of the ERIC network, and the structure, role, function of the ERIC thesaurus are introduced. A thesaurus have developed for information retrieval purpose provides the filing labels which permit information to be stored by one person and retrieved by another. As an information system grows, its thesaurus is systematically built and refined to the point where it represents, in a very special sense, the vocabulary of subject field. The Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors represents such a vocabulary for the field education. An understanding of its origins, its function and its limitations, is just as important to the teacher, the student of education or the educational researcher as it is for the indexer or custodian of the information pool it represents. If the Thesaurus is understood and used in an appropriate way, it can give all educators not only insight into the ERIC system but also an increased awareness of the language of their field. A great many terms are necessary to describe the many aspects of education, and the task of relating them in even an approximately consistent way is an enormous one. The undertaking should be managed by people who not only know what they are talking about but who also should be able to predict what people in their field are lilely to be talking about in the near future. It should also enlist people who are willing to pay term to another within the system. To engage a large number of these two kinds of people over a long period of time is very likely to cost a great deal of money. There is very little proprietary value in producing such a list of terms, for it can very easily be copied, adapted, updated, etc. Thus, because of its high cost and low proprietary value, it becomes a task likely to be funded only by a government. A government has many ways of spending its money. However, after the decision has been made to spend money to produce an authority list, one must decide how this authority is to be delegated. The history of the development of the ERIC Thesaurus is the history of how this authority was delegated. Scientific research has thrived on efforts to define terms as precisely as possible. It is difficult to say with certainty, however, that solutions to social problems have thrived on a simple diet of scientific research. Contemporary crises demand new and imaginative ways of conceiving problems and talking about them. If this Thesaurus or any other scheme for normalizing or controlling language inhibits in the slightest measure the creative use of language, it is against it use. Only if the principles and details of the Thesaurus are misunderstood can it be used as a constraint on language in a negative sense. Students of education of every kind should see the The-saurus as an opportunity to become increasingly self-conscious about their language and thus about their assumptions and their approaches to educational problems.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.75
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• pp.1-28
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• 2017

Article 67 of CISG which provides for the passing of risk of loss of the goods applies to the contract of sale involving carriage of the goods. The risk here is in nature the price risk. Under Article 67(1), if the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place; if the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the carrier. In these cases, the risk passes even though the seller duly retains documents controlling the disposition of the goods. Article 69 of CISG applies to the contract of sale that does not involve carriage of the goods. Under Article 69(1) which covers the situation that the buyer is bound to take over the goods at the place of business of the seller, the risk passes when the buyer takes over the goods, however if the buyer does not take over the goods in due time, the risk passes at the time when the goods are placed at the buyer's disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery. Under Article 69(2) which covers the situation that the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place (including his own place of business) other than the place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place. Under these provisions of CISG, this study suggests what should be the definition of the contract of sale involving carriage of the goods. This study goes further to looks into what should be the concepts of the handing over of the goods by the seller to the carrier, the taking over of the goods by the buyer and the placing the goods at the buyer's disposal by the seller. This study may, we hope, provide a guidance for clearer understanding of the exact time of passing of risk under CISG.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.599-610
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze mechanistic reasoning in Fabre's inquires and to develop mechanistic reasoning model. To analyze the order of the process elements in mechanistic reasoning, 30 chapters were selected in book. Inquiries were analyzed through a framework which is based on Russ et al. (2008). The nine process elements of mechanistic reasoning that was presented in Fabre's inquires were as follows: Describing the Target Phenomenon, Identifying prior Knowledge, Identifying Properties of Objects, Identifying Setup Conditions, Identifying Activities, Conjecturing Entities, Identifying Properties of Entities, Identifying Entities, and Organization of Entities. The order of process elements of mechanistic reasoning was affected by inquiry's subject, types of question, prior knowledge and situation. Three mechanistic reasoning models based on the process elements of mechanistic reasoning were developed: Mechanistic reasoning model for Identifying Entities(MIE), Mechanistic reasoning model for Identifying Activities(MIA), and Mechanistic reasoning model for Identifying Properties of entities (MIP). Science teacher can help students to use the questions of not only "why" but also "How", "If", "What", when students identify entities or generate hypotheses. Also science teacher should be required to understand mechanistic reasoning to give students opportunities to generate diverse hypotheses. If students can't conjecture entities easily, MIA and MIP would be helpful for students.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.310-315
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• 2006

Recently, an apartment has been changed to be high and diverse. In addition, it has been popularized rapidly. The more number of residents are increased, the more danger of the fire is also increased. If residents are in the upper floor when a fire breaks out, they have much longer evacuation path than the usual. What is more, their condition becomes more unstable. so, riskiness of evacuation is very serious. We should set up environment of evacuation safely. Even though some evacuation system is set up , the dangerous situation is more likely to be occurred. Because it depend on the person. If the person in the building don't recognize that system, it's valueless. Therefore it's very important to understand residents' conciousness level which is related to flee for safety in the fire. In this study, we examine into residents' aware safety level by their residential type. And according to this data, let residents know how they escape from danger . As a result, they can get out of danger when a fire breaks out.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.22-23
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• 2003

Primordial germ cell (PGC) is the progenitor cell of the germ cell lineage and eventually give rise to gametes that are responsible for creating individual organisms via a fertilization process. This means that PGC is a unique cell that can be converted into individual fish. This advantage of PGCs would make it possible to develop various applications in the field of fish bioengineering. First, PGCs may make it easier to preserve the genetic resources of fish. Cryopreservation of fish eggs or embryos has not been successfully achieved so far. Therefore, the only possible method to preserve genetic resources of fishes is to raise fish as live individuals. If PGCs isolated from various fishes could be cryopresewed, these cells could be converted into live fishes via germ-line chimera production. This is particularly useful for preserving genetic materials of endangered species. Even if the species of interest were to become extinct, it could be recovered by the transplantation of cryopreserved PGCs into the embryos of a closely related species. Another application of this technology is in what could be termed "surrogate broodstock technology". (중략)

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2020

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) can heal and remain asymptomatic, or they can progress to deep ankle pain on weight bearing and the formation of subchondral cysts. Treatment varies from nonoperative treatment to open and arthroscopic procedures. Operative procedures include marrow stimulation techniques (abrasion chondroplasty, multiple drilling, microfracture), osteochondral autografts or allografts, and autologous chondrocyte implantation. Among these treatments, arthroscopic marrow stimulation techniques have been the preferred initial surgical treatment for most OLT. Despite these treatments, many patients complain of persistent pain even after surgery, and many surgeons face the challenge of determining a second line of treatments. This requires a thorough re-evaluation of the patient's symptoms as well as radiological measures. If the primary surgical treatment has failed, multiple operative treatments are available, and relatively more invasive methods can be administered. On the other hand, it is inappropriate to draw a firm conclusion in which methods are superior.