• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2011

Three different types of wetlands (unplanted wetland, reed planted wetland, cattail planted wetland) were constructed at the mouth of Seokmoon reservoir with 910 $m^2$ each to examine the effects of wetland plant on pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland, and operated for 9 years (2002~2010). Water depth of the wetland was maintained at 0.3~0.5 m, flow rate was about 40~200 $m^3$/day, and retention time was managed at about 1~5 days. There was no difference in removal rate of SS, TN, and TP between reed wetland and cattail wetland. Removal rate of SS and TN in planted wetland with reed and cattail were higher than unplanted wetland, whereas removal rate of TP in unplanted wetland was higher then planted wetland. The monthly variation of removal rate in planted wetlands was high compared with unplanted wetland. From the long term monitoring results, SS and TN removal rates of period3 (2008~2010) were higher than period1 (2002~2004) in planted wetland, whereas TP removal rate was decreased as time goes on. Overall, pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland was more influenced by existence of plants than by plant species. Although constructed wetland is operated long term period, SS, TN, and TP removal rate (SS 90 %, TN 60 %, TP 40 %) can be maintained high values.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.541-544
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• 2015

We report the status of wetland vascular plant species in Korea including the whole peninsula and its adjacent islands. This analysis was based on database from our previous categorized list. In all, 4,050 taxa have been reported, including 3,769 native and 281 naturalized. Of these, 479 taxa (12%) are considered as wetland vascular indicator species: 240 obligate wetland plants (OBW) and 239 facultative upland plants (FACW). Approximately 31% of those 479 taxa, i.e., 149 taxa, are labelled as aquatic macrophytes. Wetland plants, mostly herbaceous but some woody, inhabit aquatic bodies and wet meadows. Except for two OBW and six FACW taxa, the rest of the plants are summer-green only. The information provided here is valuable for making assessments of wetland ecosystem health, as well as for developing management plans to preserve and restore wetlands and their resident plant species while also creating artificial wetland environments.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.19-27
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• 2010

Submerged plants whose most of vegetative mass are below the water surface can have great effects on wetland biogeochemistry and water purification through their photosynthesis and nutrient uptake processes. In this study, change of dissolved oxygen concentration and pH as well as nutrient removal capacity of the submerged plant dominant wetland were investigated using wetland mesocosm experiments. Obvious periodic DO and pH fluctuation was observed due to photosynthetic activities of the submerged plants. It implies that the submerged plants can provide periodic or sequential changes of oxic and anoxic conditions that affect nitrification and denitrification processes and contribute permanent nitrogen removal in the wetland system. The pH changes in the wetland mesocosm suggested that submerged plant could also play an important role as a temporary $CO_2$ storage. Higher nutrient removal efficiency was observed in the submerged plant dominant wetland mesocosm. The removal efficiencies under experimental conditions were 38.89, 84.70, 91.21, 70.76, 75.30% of TN, DIN, $NH_4-N$, TP, $PO_4-P$ in the wetland mesocosm, while those were 26.11, 57.34, 63.87, 28.19, 55.15% in the control treatment, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2021

Background: In 2020, a categorized list of wetland preferences, major habitats, and life forms of 4145 vascular plant taxa occurring in the Korean Peninsula was published by the National Institute of Biological Resources. We analyzed the list and explored the distribution patterns of the five categorized groups according to wetland preference, along with the information on the major habitats and the life forms of the plants belonging to those categories. Results: Out of 4145 taxa, we found that 729 wetland plant taxa (18%) occur in Korea: 401 obligate wetland plants and 328 facultative wetland plants. Among the 729 wetland taxa, the majority (73%) was hygrophytes and the remaining 27% was aquatic macrophytes. Furthermore, almost all of the wetland taxa are herbs; so, woody plants are only 4.7%. The 16 carnivorous taxa distributed in Korea were characterized as obligate wetland plants. Conclusions: We expect the categorized information would promote understanding of the characteristics of the plant species and would be an important source for understanding, conservation, and restoration of wetland ecosystems.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2018

Backgrounds: The main purpose of this research was to assess changes in vegetation structure, wetland index, and diversity index for a 15-year-old created wetland in Jincheon, South Korea. The created wetland consists of four sub-wetlands: a kidney-shaped wetland, a ditch, an ecological pond, and a square wetland. Vegetation and water depth data were collected at each site in 1999 and 2013, and Shannon diversity and wetland indices were calculated. Results: The total number of plant species increased from 18 in 1999 to 50 in 2013, and the ecological pond in 1999 and the ditch in 2013 presented the highest diversity indices (2.5 and 3.2, respectively). Plant species were less diverse in 1999 than in 2013, presumably because these initial wetlands were managed periodically for water purification and installation of test beds. The proportion of wetland plants, including obligate wetland and facultative wetland species, decreased from 83 to 56%, whereas upland plants, including obligate upland and facultative upland species, increased from 17 to 44%. After ceasing water supply, water depth in all four sub-wetlands declined in 2013. Thus, upland plants established more readily at these sites, resulting in higher diversity and lower wetland indices than in 1999. Conclusions: The major floristic differences between 1999 and 2013 were an increase in the number of upland plants and a decrease in wetland species. Although wetland indices were lower in 2013, the created wetland performed important ecosystem functions by providing habitats for wetland and upland plants, and the overall species diversity was high.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

습지식물은 습지의 일차생산자로서 습지 내의 다른 생물뿐만 아니라 습지토양, 수문 등과 같은 무생물 환경요인과 다양한 상호작용을 함으로써 습지의 기능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 따라서 습지식생은 습지 설계에서 중요하게 고려해야 하는 인자이다. 본 연구에서는 인공습지를 조성할 때 식물도입방법으로 다양한 습지식물의 씨앗을 함유한 자연습지토양의 활용성을 알아보기 위하여 습지 mesocosm을 제작한 다음 수심과 자연습지토양 함유량에 따른 수생식물의 출현종과 성장 정도를 조사하였다. 자연습지토양의 발아실험에서 7종의 습지식물이 출현하였는데, 이 가운데 5종은 토양 채취지점인 서낙동강의 식물종과 일치하였으나 2종은 발아실험에서 새롭게 출현하였다. 수심에 따른 출현 식물 개체수는 침수 조건에서 15개체가 출현하여 2개체만 출현한 습윤조건에 비해 훨씬 더 많은 개체가 출현하였다. 자연습지토양의 혼합비율에 따른 출현 개체수는 자연습지토양이 100%일 때 개체수가 가장 많았으며, 자연습지토양의 비율이 50%, 75%, 25%의 순으로 나타났다. 모든 습지실험조에서 출현한 검정말과 붕어마름의 성장 정도를 살펴보면, 검정말은 자연습지토양의 비율이 50%인 조건에서 가장 활발히 성장하였으며 붕어마름은 100% 자연습지토양에서 가장 좋은 성장을 보였다. 자연습지토양 함유량에 따른 식물성장실험결과 자연습지토양의 혼합비율이 50%인 조건에서도 식물의 성장이 원활하여 자연습지토양과 인공습지 조성지역토양을 1:1로 혼합하여도 인공습지에서 식물의 안정된 활착에 문제가 없을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-54
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to present the fundamental data for conservation and management of wetland ecosystem by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in major wetlands, Gyeongju National Park. The study sites were Tohamsan wetland, Amgok wetland and Namsan wetland. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 200 taxa including 70 families, 145 genera, 171 species, 2 subspecies, 23 varieties and 4 forms. The threatened species designated by Ministry of Environment was Utricularia yakusimensis, and the rare plants were 7 taxa including Utricularia yakusimensis, Drosera rotundifolia, Mosla japonica, Utricularia bifida, Pogonia japonica, Utricularia racemosa and Iris ensata var. spontanea. The Korean endemic plants were Lespedeza maritima and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 12 taxa including 3 taxa of grade V, 1 taxa of grade IV, 1 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade II and 5 taxa of grade I. The plants with approval for delivering oversea were 9 taxa including Glycine soja, Saussurea pulchella, Habenaria linearifolia and so forth. The naturalized platns were 5 taxa including Rumex obtusifolius, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens frondosa, Erigeron annuus and Erigeron strigosus, the invasive alien plant was Ambrosia artemisiifolia.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.321-328
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• 1998

To describe the major environmental factors operating in coastal wetland and to characterize the distribution of the plant species over the wetland in relation to the major environmental gradients, 12 soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The gradient of water and osmotic potential of soil, electrical conductivity, sodium and chloride content and soil texture alsong the three habitat types of salt marshes, salt swamp and sand dune were occurred. The 24 coastal plant communities from principal component analysis (PCA) on the 12 variables were at designated as a gradient for soil texture and water potential related with salinity by Axis I and as a gradient for soil moisture and total nitrogen gradient by Axis II On Axis I were divided into 3 groups (1) 9 salt marsh communities including Salicornia herbacea communities (2) 5 salt swamp communities including Scirpus fluviatilis communities and (3) 10 sand dune communities including Jmperata cylindrica communities on Axis II were divided into 2 groups (1) salt marsh and sand dune communities, and (2) 3 salt swamp communities. The results could account for the zonation of plant communities on coastal wetland observed alsong envionmental gradients.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.363-376
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• 2010

Vegetative communities of created wetlands often display lower species richness, less cover, higher occurrence of non-native or invasive species, and fewer obligate wetlands species than those in natural wetlands, thus failing to meet basic success criteria for wetland mitigation. This study examined the effects of two design elements, disking-induced microtopography and hydrologic regime, on the first year vegetation development pattern of a mitigation wetland newly created in the Virginia piedmont. Elevation and species cover were measured along replicate multiscale circular transects in two adjacent wetland sites that are different in their hydrologic regime. Two microtopographic indices, tortuosity (T) and limiting elevation difference (LD), were calculated from the elevation measurements. Both indices were higher in disked plots than non-disked plots, showing the effect of disking on microtopography. Out of forty-one vegetation taxa observed in the wetland, 29 taxa were naturally colonized and 12 taxa were seeded. All plots except one non-disked plot were dominated by wetland vegetation. Species richness and diversity were higher in disked than in non-disked plots. Vegetation community development seemed also influenced significantly by hydrologic regime of the site. The effect of microtopography on species richness and diversity was more pronounced in a relatively dry site compared to a wet site. In addition, percent cover, species richness and diversity of vegetation were positively correlated with microtopographic indices such as T and LD. Two design elements, microtopography and hydrologic regime, should be considered and incorporated in wetland creation to enhance plant community development.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.1227-1233
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• 2003

일광산 습지에 자생하는 식물은 2문 15과 27속 34종류로 조사되어 다른 지역의 습지보다 다소 적은 출현 종수를 보여 주었다. 과별 출현종수로 선태식물(Bryophyta)은 1속 1종(2.9%), 사초과 식물이 6속 10종(29.4%), 화본과 식물 6속 6종(17.6%), 통발과 및 난초과 식물이 각각 3속 3종(8.8%), 곡정초과식물 1속 2종(5.9%), 그리고 기타 식물(26.5%)로 조사되었다. 대표적 식물군락으로 습원의 조건과 빈영양을 반영하는 끈끈이주걱 군락, 이삭귀개 군락, 땅귀개 군락, 자주땅귀개 군락, 개수염 군락, 그리고 참바늘골 군락 등이 관찰되었다. 습지의 식생으로 물의 양이 많고 토양층이 얇은 습지의 아래쪽에는 개수염-산사초 군락-끈끈이주걱 군락이, 물의 양이적고 토양층이 깊은 습지의 위쪽에는 산겨이삭-달뿌리풀 군락이 발달하였다. 물이 고여 있는 곳에서는 끈끈이주걱이 잘 서식하지 못했으나 땅귀개류는 비교적 잘 서식하였다. 땅귀개나 자주땅귀개는 무리지어 군락을 이루어 나타났지만 이삭귀개는 개체수도 적고 분포지역도 좁게 나타났다. 한국산 특산식 물로는 개수염이 관찰되었고 CITES 관련 희귀식물로는 잠자리난이 조사되었다. 식충식물로는 끈끈이주걱, 이삭귀개, 땅귀개, 그리고 자주땅귀개가 조사되어 습지 보호가 필요한 지역임을 알 수 있었다.