• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.634-645
• /
• 2011

A newly developed rainwater harvesting (RWH) system reliability model is evaluated for roof area of buildings in Haeundae District of Busan. RWH system is used to supply water for toilet flushing, back garden irrigation, and air cooling. This model is portable because it is based on a non-parametric precipitation generation algorithm using a markov chain. Precipitation occurrence is simulated using transition probabilities derived for each day of the year based on the historical probability of wet and dry day state changes. Precipitation amounts are selected from a matrix of historical values within a moving 30 day window that is centered on the target day. Then, the reliability of RWH system is determined for catchment area and tank volume ranges using synthetic precipitation data. As a result, the synthetic rainfall data well reproduced the characteristics of precipitation in Busan. Also the reliabilities of RWH system for each of demands were computed to high values. Furthermore, for study area using the RWH system, reduction efficiencies for rooftop runoff inputs to the sewer system and potable water demand are evaluated for 23%, 53%, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.431-441
• /
• 2021

Rock-socketed drilled shafts are widely used to transfer the heavy loads from the superstructure especially in mountainous area. Extensive research has been done on the behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts under compressive load. However, little attention has been paid to uplift behavior of drilled shaft in rock, which govern the overall behavior of the foundation system. In this paper, a series of centrifuge tests have been performed to investigate the uplift response of rock-socketed drilled shafts. The pull-out tests of drilled shafts installed in layered rocks having various strengths were conducted. The load-displacement response, axial load distributions in the shaft and the unit skin friction distribution under pull-out loads were investigated. The effects of the strength of rock socket on the initial stiffness, ultimate capacity and mobilization of friction of the foundation, were also examined. The results indicated that characteristics of rock-socket has a significant influence on the uplift behavior of drilled shaft. Most of the applied uplift load were carried by socketed rock when the drilled shaft was installed in the sand over rock layer, whereas substantial load was carried by both upper and lower rock layers when the drilled shaft was completely socketed into layered rock. The pattern of mobilized shaft friction and point where the maximum unit shaft friction occurred were also found to be affected by the socket condition surrounding the drilled shaft.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.149-160
• /
• 2008

1990년대 이후로 인천과 부산신항 등의 물류중심항구 및 송도 신도시와 같은 유비쿼터스 도시 개발에 발맞추어 인근해상연약지반 매립공사가 활발히 진행되면서 측방유동 해상말뚝기초의 거동특성에 폭넓은 관심이 집중되고 있다. 측방유동 말뚝기초 거동에 대한 연구 및 규명은 원심모형기 개발과 컴퓨터 기능의 향상으로 인하여 폭넓은 시도가 이루어져 왔으며, 특히 말뚝구조물에 작용하는 측방유동압의 특성이 가장 중요한 초점이 되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대변형 압밀연계 유한요소해석 기법(LDFE)을 바탕으로 배수조건(비배수 : 단기, 배수 : 장기)에 따른 측방유동 해상 말뚝기초의 거동특성을 분석하였으며 특히, 말뚝-지반 상호작용을 고려한 측방유동압에 중점을 두었다. 본 수치해석에서는 지층조건, 말뚝두부의 경계조건, 성토하중 크기, 평균압밀도 네 가지 중요변수에 따른 거동양상을 비교 분석하였으며, 이로부터 비배수 단계와 배수 단계에서의 측방유동압의 분포형태와 크기에 대한 정량적인 차이를 확인하였다.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.249-264
• /
• 2022

Two genera of the Rhodymeniales, Halopeltis and Leptofauchea, are here reported for the first time from the Hawaiian Islands and represent the deepest records for both genera. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), rbcL, and large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) sequences for Hawaiian specimens of Leptofauchea revealed one well-supported clade of Hawaiian specimens and three additional lineages. One of these clades is described here as Leptofauchea huawelau sp. nov., and is thus far known only from mesophotic depths at Penguin Bank in the Main Hawaiian Islands. L. huawelau sp. nov. is up to 21 cm, and is the largest known species. An additional lineage identified in the LSU and rbcL analyses corresponds to the recently described L. lucida from Western Australia, and is a new record for Hawai'i. Hawaiian Halopeltis formed a well-supported clade along with H. adnata from Korea, the recently described H. tanakae from mesophotic depths in Japan, and H. willisii from North Carolina, and is here described as Halopeltis nuahilihilia sp. nov. H. nuahilihilia sp. nov. has a distinctive morphology of narrow vegetative axes that harbor constrictions along their length. The current distribution of H. nuahilihilia includes mesophotic depths around W. Maui, W. Moloka'i, and the island of Hawai'i in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Few reproductive characters were observed because of the small number of specimens available; however, both species are distinct based on phylogeny and morphology. These descriptions further emphasize the Hawaiian mesophotic zone as a location harboring many undescribed species of marine macroalgae.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제44권2호
• /
• pp.37.3-37.3
• /
• 2019

We study the stellar populations of the brightest group galaxies (BGGs) in groups whose halos have different dynamical states, using observational data from the GAMA survey. The two independent indicators to probe the dynamical state of the halo are the magnitude gap between two most luminous galaxies (∆M12) and offset between BGG and the luminosity center (Doffset) of the group. Such indicators complement each other in identifying relaxed and unrelaxed galaxy groups in our samples. We find that the BGGs of unrelaxed groups have significantly bluer NUV-r colours than in relaxed groups. This is also true at fixed sersic index. We find the bluer colours cannot be explained away by differing dust fraction, suggesting there are real differences in their stellar populations. SFRs derived from SED-fitting tend to be higher in unrelaxed systems. This could be partly because there is a greater fraction of BGGs with non-elliptical morphology, but also because unrelaxed systems are expected to have larger numbers of mergers, some of which may bring fuel for star formation. The SED-fitted stellar metallicities of BGGs in unrelaxed systems also tend to be higher, perhaps because the building blocks of the unrelaxed systems were more massive and had more time to enrich themselves. We find that the ∆M12 parameter is the most important parameter behind the observed differences in the relaxed/unrelaxed groups. We also find that groups selected to be unrelaxed using our criteria tend to have higher velocity offsets between the BGG and their group.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.335-350
• /
• 2023

Physoderma fungal species cause faba bean gall (FBG) which devastates faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in the Ethiopian highlands. In three regions (Amahara, Oromia, and Tigray), the relative importance, distribution, intensity, and association with factors affecting FBG damage were assessed for the 2019 (283 fields) and 2020 (716 fields) main cropping seasons. A logistic regression model was used to associate biophysical factors with FBG incidence and severity. Amhara region has the highest prevalence of FBG (95.7%), followed by Tigray (83.3%), and the Oromia region (54%). Maximum FBG incidence (78.1%) and severity (32.8%) were recorded from Amhara and Tigray areas, respectively. The chocolate spot was most prevalent in West Shewa, Finfinne Special Zone, and North Shewa of the Oromia region. Ascochyta blight was found prevalent in North Shewa, West Shewa, Southwest Shewa of Oromia, and the South Gondar of Amhara. Faba bean rust was detected in all zones except for the South Gonder and North Shewa, and root rot disease was detected in all zones except South Gonder, South Wollo, and North Shewa of Amahara. Crop growth stage, cropping system, altitude, weed density, and fungicide, were all found to affect the incidence and severity of the FBG. Podding and maturity stage, mono-cropping, altitude (>2,400), high weed density, and non-fungicide were found associated with increased disease intensities. However, crop rotation, low weed infestation, and fungicide usage were identified as potential management options to reduce FBG disease.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.98-109
• /
• 2007

지난 20 년 동안, 서부 오스트레일리아 농부들은 염분이 농토에 마치는 영향을 최소화하기 위해 토지경영방법들에 변화를 주기 시작했다. 농지 계획은 자주 농기구 변화의 지침서로 활용되어 왔으나, 이제까지의 대부분의 계획들은 지표수의 흐름과 최소한의 자료에 기초하여 세워져 왔다 따라서 농지 계획은 토지의 염기화를 야기하는 과정을 효과적으로 설명해 주지 못하였다. 서부 오스트레일리아 남서쪽에 위치하는 Broomhill에서 수행된 연구과제에서는 표토층의 지표와 지표하부의 특성을 측정하여 얻은 일련의 대규모 지질학적 자료를 이용하는 접근방법을 시도 하였다. 또한 기후나 농업의 역사 등과 같은 다른 자료들도 연구 되었다. 이 접근법의 근간은 전 연구지역에 대한 항공지구물리 자료의 획득에 있다. 이 방법은 토양의 특성을 반영하는 방사선탐사자료, 기반암의 지질을 반영하는 자력탐사자료, 그리고 표토의 두께와 전기전도도를 반영하는 SALTMAP 전자기탐사자료를 포함한다. 해석 단계에 있어서, 이러한 자료들에는 지질학과 수리지질학적인 목장규모 (paddock-scale) 의 정보가 추가되게 되는데 이는 염기화 과정을 유도하는 메커니즘과 직접적인 연관이 있는 농장이나 목장에서의 결정을 내리기 위함이다. 항공지구물리 탐사자료로부터 얻어진 정보들은 농수로나 누수차단댐 등과 같은 지표수 관리를 위한 구조물들의 설계 및 위치 선정에 중요한 영향을 주었다. 이러한 계획의 효과를 평가하기 위하여 1996 년부터 농업농민부는 한 농장 전체에서 수행된 계획을 모니터링 해왔다. 실행된 계획은 긍정적인 비용-이익비를 보여 주었으며, 이 농장은 현재 지역생산 벤치마킹 단체 중 상위 5% 내에 드는 성과를 보였다. 항공지구물리 자료는 토목공사의 위치 선정이나 다시 식물은 재배하기 위한 제안서 작성에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 현장특성에 맞는 수리학적 또는 수리지질학적 검토는 사회간접자본 건설을 위한 어떠한 계획안을 세우더라도 필수 불가결한 요소이다. 이 연구에서 제안한 접근법은 현장 특성에 기초한 수리지질학적 정보에 기인하지 않은 농지 계획법들에 비해 제안된 작업들의 공간적인 밀도를 줄일 수 있는 방법이라 하겠다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제44권7호
• /
• pp.565-576
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 대상유역 내에 설치가 가능한 지역이 다수 존재하는 강변저류지의 설치 우선순위를 결정하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. 강변저류지의 최적위치 선정을 위해 기존의 수행된 연구들은 각각의 장단점이 있으나, 의사결정을 위해 사용되는 변수의 통합과정에서 발생하는 오류는 해결해야할 가장 큰 문제이다. 특히 의사결정을 위해 고려해야할 다양한 변수를 하나의 기준으로 통합하기 위한 자료가 불충분한 국내의 경우, 의사결정을 위해 사용되는 가정들을 최소화하며, 다양한 변수들은 모두 고려할 수 있는 방안이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 제안된 기법은 강변저류지 최적위치 선정을 위해 수행된 기존 연구결과들의 장점을 포함하며, 보다 많은 변수들을 고려할 수 있도록 개발되었다. 기존에 제안된 방법을 이용하여 단위저류용량대비 홍수저감효과에 의한 우선순위, 상대적 중요도를 고려한 우선순위, 경제성평가에 의한 우선순위 및 공간계획적합성 평가에 의한 우선순위를 선정하고, 이들 네 가지 순위와 다차원척도법을 이용하여 최종적인 하나의 순위를 도출한다. 제안된 기법을 안성천유역의 13개 후보강변저류지를 대상으로 적용하였으며, 기존의 연구결과와 비교하였다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제43권9호
• /
• pp.769-780
• /
• 2010

'위상적 평가'와 '수리학적 평가'를 통해 수요절점에서 필요한 수량을 필요한 압력으로 충분히 공급할 수 있는지의 여부를 정량화하고 이를 신뢰성의 산정을 위한 기준으로 사용하는 것은 대표적인 상수관망시스템의 신뢰성산정 방법이다. 하지만 '수리학적 평가'를 이용한 수요절점에서의 압력확보 여부를 신뢰성 산정에 사용한 기존의 연구들은 'Demand-Driven Analysis의 사용'과 '사용성의 미고려'라는 두 가지 측면에 있어서 문제가 있다. 또한 비정상상태인 상수관망시스템의 수리모의 적합한 Pressure-Driven Analysis를 이용한 연구들도 신뢰성 산정에 있어 가능공급량만을 고려하고 사용성을 고려하지 않아, Pressure-Driven Analysis의 장점이 효율적으로 사용되지 않은 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 기 개발 된 Pressure-Driven Analysis 모형인 HSPDA모형과, 거리척도 방법을 이용하여 수량과 수압을 동시에 고려하는 신뢰성 분석기법을 제안하였다. 제안된 기법을 상수관망에 적용하여 기존의 연구결과와 비교하였고 이를 바탕으로 수립 가능한 신뢰성 확보방안을 제시하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제20권9호
• /
• pp.1367-1373
• /
• 2007

The aim of this study was to determine the feeding value to sheep of Acacia saligna grown under temperate conditions. Pen trials were undertaken to determine the effects of feeding A. saligna, which had been grown in a Mediterranean environment, on feed intake, nitrogen balance and rumen metabolism in sheep. Sheep were given ad libitum access to A. saligna with or without supplementation with PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. PEG 4000 appears to be the major detannification agent used in trials involving high tannin feed despite the fact that PEG 6000 has been shown to be more effective, in vitro. For this reason it was of interest to compare the two, in vivo. Dry matter intake was greater (p<0.05) in sheep supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000 compared to the control. There was no difference, however, in intake between those supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or 6,000. Although animals were not weighed throughout the trial, a loss in body condition was obvious, in particular in the control group. Intake of N was greater (p<0.05) in sheep supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000 than in the control. There was no difference in N intake between those supplemented with either PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. There were no significant differences in either the faecal or urinary N output between any of the treatment groups and all treatment groups were in negative N balance. Neither the average nor maximum pH of ruminal fluid of the control group was different to those supplemented with PEG. The minimum pH for the control group, however, was significantly higher (p<0.05) than for either of the PEG treatments. The average and the maximum ammonia levels were lower (p<0.05) in the control group compared with those in either of the PEG treatment groups. For all dietary treatments ruminal ammonia levels were well below the threshold for maximal microbial growth. Feeding A. saligna, without PEG, had a definite defaunating effect on the rumen. For all dietary treatments ruminal ammonia levels were well below the threshold for maximal microbial growth. It was concluded that A. saligna was inadequate as the sole source of nutrients for sheep, even with the addition of PEG 4,000 or PEG 6,000. The anti-nutritional effects on the animals were largely attributed to the excessive biological activity of the phenolics in the A. saligna leaves. There is a need to determine other supplements that may be complimentary with PEG to enhance the nutritive value of A. saligna to maintain a minimum of animal maintenance.