• 음성과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.109-141
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• 2000

Acoustic and aerodynamic characteristics of Cheju consonants were examined with the focus on the well-known three-way distinction among stops (i.e., lenis, fortis, aspirated) and the two-way distinction between sand s*. Acoustic parameters examined for the stops included VOT, relative stop burst energy, Fo at the vowel onset, H1-H2, and H1-F2 at the vowel onset. For the fricatives s and s*, acoustic parameters were fricative duration, Fo, centroid of the fricative noise, RMS energy of the frication, H1-H2 and Hl-F2 at the onset of the following vowel. In investigating aerodynamics, intraoral pressure and oral flow were included for the bilabial stops. Results indicate that, although Cheju and Korean are not mutually intelligible, acoustic and aerodynamic properties of Cheju consonants are very similar in every respect to those of the standard Korean. Among other findings there are three crucial points worth recapitulating. First, stops are systematically differentiated by the voice quality of the following vowel. Second, stops are also differentiated by aerodynamic mechanisms. The aspirated and fortis stops are similar in supralaryngeal articulation, but employ a different relation between intraoral pressure and flow. Finally, our study suggests that the fricative s is better categorized as 'lenis' than as 'aspirated' in terms of its phonetic realization.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2009

In our previous report, we showed that $PPAR{\gamma}$ does not influence adipogenesis in females with functioning ovaries, indicating that $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity on adipogenesis is associated with sex-related factors. Among the sex-related factors, estrogen has been recognized as a major factor in inhibiting adiposgenesis in females. Thus, we hypothensized that $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E) inhibits 3T3-L1 cell adipogenesis by preventing $PPAR{\gamma}$ activity. E decreased triglyceirde accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells compared with control group. E also decreased the expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ mRNA as well as $PPAR{\gamma}$ dependent adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$. In addition, E not only decreased luciferase reporter activity by $PPAR{\gamma}$, but also transfection of estrogen receptor $\alpha$ ($ER{\alpha}$) or $ER{\beta}$ led to decreases in $PPAR{\gamma}$ reporter gene activation. Moreover, E-activated ERs significantly decreased the luciferase reporter gene activation induced by $PPAR{\gamma}$ transfection, suggesting that estrogen-activated ERs inhibit $PPAR{\gamma}$-dependent transactivation. Accordingly, our results demonstrate that E inhibits the action of $PPAR{\gamma}$ on adipogenesis through E activated ER, providing evidence that lack of estrogen may potentiate $PPAR{\gamma}$ action on adipogenesis.

• 복식
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.143-157
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• 2013

Fashion products are goods purchased based on cultural and psychological values derived from a brand image as well as on the physical value of the product itself. Management of brand image has been one of the most important marketing strategies in the fashion industry. In this research, three best-selling young casual brands were tested with 200 male and female subjects to compare brand image, logo image, and advertisement image. The objective of the research were as follows: 1) to explore the effect of advertisement on the purchase of young casual wear and brand image management status through advertisements of domestic brands, and 2) to investigate differences in consumer perception on brand logo image and advertisement image. The results showed that most of young casual brands are depending much on star marketing rather than developing differentiated brand image through advertisements as indicated in brand image management status. Failure in development of differentiated and consistent brand image is a barrier to the long-term and continuous advancement of young casual brands. Therefore, more efforts should be made for the reinforcement of brand image for the consistent growth of domestic young casual brands.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.251-256
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 EPON의 상향 대역폭 부족현상을 개선하기 위해 기존에 EPON의 상향 트래픽을 파장 분할 방식으로 확장한 모델을 설계하고 이에 적합한 파장 배정 방법을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 모델은 OPNET으로 구현하며, 구현된 파장 분할 EPON 모델에 대해서 실험을 통하여 적절한 가중치를 산정하여, 단대단 지연(End to end delay), 처리율(Through put), 사용율(Utilization), 큐 크기, 타임슬롯 크기, 상향 스트림 크기 그리고 파장 배정 방법에 대한 성능분석을 통해서 제안된 방식의 우수성을 검증한다.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1993년도 제27차 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.88-88
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• 1993

현재 악성종양의 조직학적 진단에 면역조직화학반응의 검토가 많이 사용되는데 정상상피가 암으로의 진행시 점막상피세포의 주구성 단백성분에 있는 cytokeratin의 발현성에 변화가 일어난다고 알려져 있다. 이 cytokeratin은 현재 19종의 subclass가 알려져 있는데 각 subclass에 대응하는 항체를 이용하여 후두암세포의 기원을 알고 암조직의 분화도를 판정하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 연구방법은 정상성대조직 5예, 성대에 국한된 편평세포암 22예를 monoclonal anti-ck Ab와 polyclonal anti-ck Ab를 사용, Avidin-Biotin Peroxidase Complex method로 면역조직화학적 염색을 시행하였다. 그결과 정상후두상피에서 저분자량의 keratin은 표층을 제외한 심층부에서 양성반응을 보였다. 후두의 편평세포암은 상피성종양이며, 저분자량의 항ck 항체는 저분화암에서 양성반응을 보이고 고분자량의 항ck항체는 고분화암에서 양성반응을 보였다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2014

Purpose: Nodal metastasis is the main prognostic factor in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We investigated the association between tumor-associated lymphatics and OSCC characteristics. Methods: Thirty-four specimens were used for the immunohistochemical staining with the antibody for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, VEGF-D, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-3, phosphorylated VEGFR-3, D2-40, and matrix metallproteinases (MMPs). We observed the distribution of the lymphangiogenic factors and quantified the degree of expression. We determined lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and lymphatic vessel dilatation with D2-40 immunostaining. We assessed the association of LVD or lymphatic vessel dilatation with tumor progression or tumor differentiation. Results: OSCC cells expressed lymphangiogenic ligands. Lymphangiogenic receptor, VEGFR-3, was expressed and activated in some tumor cells as well as in tumor-associated endothelial cells. LVD was not associated with tumor size or nodal status, but lymphatic vessel dilatation was higher in tumors with nodal metastasis, and also higher in poorly differentiated tumors. In stromal area of OSCC, MMP-1 and MMP-10 were up-regulated and the basement membrane of tumor-associated endothelial cells was destroyed by these collagenases. Conclusion: In the primary tumors with nodal metastasis, especially in poorly differentiated OSCC, tumor cells invaded the dilated lymphatic vessels via ruptured sites. MMP-1 and MMP-10 are important in the lysis of the glycocalyx inside the tumor-associated lymphatic endothelial cells.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.1125-1131
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• 2014

Application of residential demand response (DR) programs are currently realized up to a limited extent due to customers' difficulty in manually responding to the time-differentiated prices. As a solution, this paper proposes an automatic home load management (HLM) framework to achieve the household minimum payment as well as meet the operational constraints to provide customer's comfort. The projected HLM method controls on/off statuses of responsive appliances and the charging/discharging periods of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and battery storage at home. This paper also studies the impacts of different time-varying tariffs, i.e., time of use (TOU), real time pricing (RTP), and inclining block rate (IBR), on the home load management (HLM). The study is effectuated in a smart home with electrical appliances, a PHEV, and a storage system. The simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HLM program. Peak of household load demand along with the customer payment costs are reported as the consequence of applying different pricings models in HLM.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.316-319
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• 2016

A 12-year-old thoroughbred mare with four days history of anorexia and high fever was submitted to the Equine Hospital. She failed to conceive in the following the breeding season in spring. In rectal palpation, mass could be palpable surrounding ovary. Because of the poor prognosis, full necropsy for mare was decided. The mass is located between right large and small colon, cranial to ovary using ultrasonography. Grossly, the mass was about $5{\times}3.5{\times}4cm$ in size, and the cut surface of mass showed brownish yellow in color with red-to orange granular areas Histopathologically, neoplastic cells were mixed with well differentiated spindle shape cells arranged in interlacing, interwoven pattern and poorly differentiated spindle cells. Neoplastic cells had abundant pink cytoplasm and bland and cigar-shaped nuclei with low mitotic figures. Many arteriole-like blood vessels with thick muscular wall were present throughout the mass. Masson's trichrome staining revealed muscle origin tumors in this case. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic spindle cells showed positive reactions for smooth muscle actin and desmin. In our best knowledge, this is the first report of uterine angioleiomyoma in mare in Korea.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.705-715
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• 2020

The domestic fashion industry of the middle and late 20th century emphasized the importance of a standardized design process; however, the values of differentiated brand individuality have become increasingly important with the qualitative·quantitative growth of designer brands. Therefore, paying attention to designer individuality (or a differentiated element of a designer brand growing up in the domestic fashion industry) this study reestablished factors of the designer brand individuality. An in-depth interview was conducted with 13 designers and consumers for empirical analysis. In order to identify concepts of designer individuality based on the theory of the brand personality by Aaker along with precedent studies, the study devised a theoretical frame to explain a conceptual structure of designer brand individuality as well as reestablish its factors as the designer individuality, design and non-design factors through empirical research. Empirical research derived the designer individuality factors as an external designer image, designer taste, design philosophy and designer personality. Design factors were derived as concept, working process and method, style and formativeness. Non-design factors were also extracted as wearing experience, wearer image, lookbook image, fashion shows and exhibitions. It is meaningful that little empirical research has been conducted on domestic fashion designers who actually run designer brands and that this study helped understand designer brands through a new approach called designer individuality.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2018

Dongwon Systems established in 1977 to exclusively supply Dongwon tuna cans, the parent company. Instead of its stable management and profits by relying on the parent company, the company was not complacent and started innovating and challenging new markets. Dongwon Systems decided to expand the business area and pioneer new markets so that it becomes the first domestic company to successfully expand into independent businesses other than parent company products. Such success of Dongwon Systems was driven by its differentiated B2B strategies. Unlike the characteristics of usual B2B companies, Dongwon Systems has been thinking both of its client companies and end-consumers. In this case-study, we will explore how Dongwon Systems became the No.1 packaging solution company in Korea through technology innovation in the aspects of unique B2B marketing strategy. The key success factor can be summarized in three ways; product and technology development with customer centric mind-set, systematically extending new markets through business diversification, and marking Southeast Asia as a bridgehead for its global strategy. It is expected that the current case study of Dongwon Systems will be able to provide implications for B2C companies as well as B2B companies that try to expand their business portfolio and global business areas through B2B marketing case analysis.