• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.865-870
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and thyroid hormonal (TSH, $T_3$, and $T_4$) changes following weight loss by diet with regular exercise in obese women. The subjects of the present study were 7 women who were above 30% body fat. The subjects arrived into the laboratory in the morning after 12 hour overnight fasting. All subjects measured RMR, % body fat, and fat free mass at weight loss program start time, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks. All the RMR values were expressed as absolute value (kcal/day), absolute value/FFM (kcal/day/FFM), and absolute value/BSA (kcal/$m^2$/hr), and were calculated predicted RMR value minus actual RMR value. Also, correlation of blood thyroid hormonal (TSH, $T_3$, and $T_4$) secretion and RMR were analyzed. There were significant differences in weight, % body fat, and BSA following diet with exercise (p<0.05). Also, there was a difference between predicted RMR and actual RMR value following weight loss (p<0.05). We also examined the hormonal changes according to weight loss. After weight loss, the level of TSH and $T_4$ were higher than before. But there were no significant differences. Also, the level of $T_3$ was lower than rather before but there was no significant difference. Among the anthropometric factors, FFM was highly correlated (r=0.761) with actual RMR value before weight loss. Also, there was a correlation (r=0.771) with actual RMR value after weight loss. Therefore, actual RMR expressed as FFM increased in weight loss program by diet with exercise. There were no changes in the level of thyroid hormonal TSH and $T_4$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.674-683
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity and weight control prevalence according to the gender and weight control attempt among middle school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The mean age of subjects were 14.4 years old. The mean height, weight and BMI value of boy students were 164.0 cm, 53.0 kg, and $19.7kg/m^2$, respectively, and the mean height, weight and BMI value of girl students were 159.4 cm, 49.8kg, and $19.6kg/m^2$, respectively. Both weight and BMI value of the weight loss attempt groups were significantly heavier and higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.01). In the perception on the body image, the girls perceived themselves to be more fat compared to boys, and the weight loss attempt group perceived their body image to be more fat compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). As for the interest degree of weight control, the interest degree of girls was higher than that of boys (p < 0.01). According to weight control attempt, in the order of the weight loss attempt group, the weight gain attempt group and the no weight control attempt group, the interest degree was significantly higher (p < 0.001). In the frequency and hours of exercise, there was significant difference by gender (p < 0.001). According to weight control attempt, the weight gain attempt group exercised more frequently than the other attempt groups (p < 0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.629-634
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• 1992

Seventeen Japanese Black steers were used to evaluate the influence of slaughter weight (550 kg, 600 kg or 650 kg), sire (two sires), concentrate feeding (barley or corn) and muscle (six muscles) on the following characteristics: pH value, cooking loss, shear value, moisture and crude fat contents. Crude fat contents were higher, and moisture content and shear values were lower in muscles from the large slaughter weight group 650 kg than those from other slaughter weight groups. Cooking loss, shear value, moisture and crude fat contents differed between sires. Corn feeding increased crude fat content in muscle compared to barley feeding. Muscles containing a large amount of intramuscular fat showed lower shear values and less cooking loss than those containing a small amount of intramuscular fat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1865-1873
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• 2007

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and lysine on carcass characteristics and meat quality in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers from 1 to 56 days of age. A total of 2,970 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to nine dietary treatments (three ME levels in combination with three lysine levels), and dietary ME and lysine concentrations were formulated by varying corn, soybean meal, tallow, and L-lysine sulfate concentrations. Live body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), dressing percent, breast muscle weight (BMW), yield of breast muscle, muscle color (CIE L*, a*, and b*), pH values 45 min and 24 h postmortem ($pH_{45}$, and $pH_{24}$), meat shear force value (SFV), and water loss rate (WLR) were evaluated. Results showed that live body weight and dressing percent increased (p<0.05) as dietary energy increased. Higher dietary lysine content improved breast muscle weight. Neither carcass weight nor yield of breast muscle was affected by dietary energy or lysine content. Higher ME increased the b* value (p = 0.067) and $pH_{24}$ value (p<0.05), whereas it decreased SFV (p<0.05) and WLR (p = 0.06). Only water loss rate was influenced (p<0.01) by dietary lysine, which was higher in broilers from the high lysine diet as compared to those from medium or low lysine diets. The $pH_{45}$ value and L* value of breast muscle were not affected by ME or lysine. Significant interaction of dietary ME and lysine was found on a* value of breast muscle. These results indicated that dietary ME and lysine had important effects on breast muscle growth and meat quality, however their effects were different. Different concentrations of dietary ME and lysine might be considered to improve meat quality.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.516-521
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• 2004

The straw of thirty one rice varieties were evaluated for their feed value and related agronomic traits. The rice straw were hand-harvested, dried to constant weight at $75^{\circ}C$ and ground through a 20 mesh seive in a Wiley mill, analyzed with crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Relative feed value (RFV) was calculated from NDF and ADF. The sum of standardized score was estimated by dry weight of rice straw, content of CP, ADF and NDF. The straw yield of Daeanbyeo was 725.9 kg/10a, showed heighest value among the varieties and remainder was in the order of Keumnambyeo, Donginbyeo #1 and Chucheongbyeo. Crude protein (CP) content in a Dasanbyeo was higher than those in other varieties. The content of ADF in a Junghwabyeo and NDF in a Sobaegbyeo were $34.3\%$ and $63.8\%$, respectively, showed lowest value among the varieties. The rice straw of Dunnaebyeo, Obongbyeo, Seoanbyeo, Keumobyeo, Hwaseongbyeo, Noganbyeo and Gyehwabyeo belonged to the high feed value varieties by estimation of cluster analysis, sum of standardized score and RFV. The content of CP was found to be positively related with dry weight of leaf and grain, but negatively related with heading days after seeding, culm length, specific leaf weight (SLW) and dry weight of stem. ADF and NDF were found to be positively related with heading days after seeding, culm length, SLW and dry weight of leaf, but negatively related with dry weight of stem. The sum of standardized score and RFV were the only positive relationship with dry weight of stem and negative relationship with other traits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 1979

The weight of domestic cigarette brands were examined by the three affecting factors, the standard leaf blending and the filling value of each leaf, the length of tobacco rod, and the apparent quality conditions. The calculated cigarette weight we obtained was 760mg, whereas the operation standard weight was established as 790mg ~820mg for the 60mm tobacco rod. In the case of the 64mm rod this value was estimated to be 820mg compared with the operation standard weight of 870mg ~ 900mg. For the 56mm rod it was calculated as 720mg being compared to the standard value of 770mg~ 780mg. These results means that the operation standard weight of the domestic brands can cut down by 5-9 per cent in weight.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1452-1458
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of sex and market weight on performance, carcass characteristics and pork quality. A total of 224 crossbred pigs (initially 26.64 kg BW) were allotted in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. The variables were sex (gilts and barrows) and different market weights (100, 110, 120 and 130 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were significantly higher (p<0.01) in barrows than gilts, ADFI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased as body weight increased (p<0.05). Gender differences were observed in carcass characteristics. Backfat thickness and drip loss were greater in barrows (p<0.01), while loin eye area (p<0.01), flavor score (p<0.05) and lean content (p<0.001) were higher in gilts. Carcass grade and water holding capacity were the highest in 110 kg market weight pigs. The 100 kg arket weight pigs showed lower juiciness, tenderness, shear forces and total palatability than the other market weights (p<0.01). Hunter values (L*, a* and b*) were increased as market weight increased (p<0.05). Hunter a* value was greater in gilts (p<0.01) but L* value and b* value were not affected by sex of pigs. Net profit [(carcass weight${\times}$price by carcass grade)-(total feed cost+cost of purchased pig)] was higher in gilts than barrows (p<0.01), and was higher (p<0.05) in the pigs marketed at 110 and 120 kg market weight compared with 100 kg market weight. These results demonstrated that gilts showed higher carcass characteristics, pork quality, feed cost per kg body weight gain and net profit compared with barrows. Moreover, 110 or 120 kg body weight would be the recommended market weight based on pork quality and net profit for swine producers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2003

This paper is about the digital image decimation algorithm which generates a value of decimated element by an average of a target pixel value and a value of neighbor intelligible element to adaptively reflect the merits of ZOD method and FOD method on the decimated image. First, a target pixel located at the center of sliding window is selected, then the gradient amplitudes of its right neighbor pixel and its lower neighbor pixel are calculated using first order derivative operator respectively. Secondly, each gradient amplitude is divided by the summation result of two gradient amplitudes to generate each intelligible weight. Next, a value of neighbor intelligible element is obtained by adding a value of the right neighbor pixel times its intelligible weight to a value of the lower neighbor pixel times its intelligible weight. The decimated image can be acquired by applying the process repetitively to all pixels in input image which generates the value of decimated element by calculating the average of the target pixel value and the value of neighbor intelligible element.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.48-57
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• 2011

The computer vision system was designed and constructed to measure the weight of a dairy cattle. Its development involved the functions of image capture, image preprocessing, image algorithm, and control integrated into one program. The experiments were conducted with the model dairy cattle and the real dairy cattle by two ways. First experiment with the model dairy cattle was conducted by using the indoor vision experimental system, which was built to measure the model dairy cattle in the laboratory. Second experiment with real dairy cattle was conducted by using the outdoor vision experimental system, which was built for measuring 229 heads of cows in the cattle facilities. This vision system proved to a reliable system by conducting their performance test with 15 heads of real cow in the cattle facilities. Indirect weight measuring with four methods were conducted by using the image processing system, which was the same system for measuring of body parameters. Error value of transform equation using chest girth was 30%. This error was seen as the cause of accumulated error by manually measurement. So it was not appropriate to estimate cow weight by using the transform equation, which was calculated from pixel values of the chest girth. Measurement of cow weight by multiple regression equation from top and side view images has relatively less error value, 5%. When cow weight was measured indirectly by image surface area from the pixel of top and side view images, maximum error value was 11.7%. When measured cow weight by image volume, maximum error weight was 57 kg. Generally, weight error was within 30 kg but maximum error 10.7%. Volume transform method, out of 4 measuring weight methods, was minimum error weight 21.8 kg.

• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.13-27
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• 1994

Litho printing ink vehicles based on rosin modified phenolic are faster drying, have better durability, are harder and glosser and have greater resistance to water than ones based on ester gums. Ink-Water balance and rheological properties are important in litho printing process. These physical properties is concerned with molecular weight of Resin to use vehicle. So this paper was studied about the effects of changing molecular weight of Rosin modified phenolic on surface tension, viscosity, pseudoplasticity and printablility of Litho Inks. The results were as follows. 1) The surface tension of model inks depended on the molecular weight of the resin : Dispersion componnent of ink increase but non dispersion component decrease as molecular weight of Resin increase. 2) Water pick-up of litho ink is more fast balance, using low molecular weight of Resin. 3) Viscosity, Yield value and Newtonian value of model inks increase as molecular weight of Resin increase. 4) The litho ink prepared with the modified phenolic of which molecular weight is about 20000 showed the highest printing density and gloss.