• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.944-950
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• 1999

Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) was fed to one day old chicks of Gallus domesticus in the form of different concentrations (250 and 500 mg/kg feed) of potassium dichromate mixed with the feed, ad libitum, for 32 weeks. After 20 weeks of feeding, the total body weight was higher in the low dose (260 mg/kg (feed) group and lower in the high dose (500 mg/kg feed) group, as compared with the control chicks. After 32 weeks of feeding, however, the total body weight was significantly decreased in both the treated groups. Egg laying was enhanced. Fertility remained unaffected, whereas hatchability was considerably decreased after CrVI-treatment. The egg shell thickness increased significantly (13%). Cr was deposited in a dose dependent manner in the liver and lungs. Some structural derangements in liver were also noted in treated chicks. The results of this study i.e., rapid ageing, excessive Cr deposition, decreased hatchability and hepatotoxicity indicate toxic effects of CrVI.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2004

Micro/nano tribological characteristics of PTFE coating films were experimentally studied. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) modified polyethylene and low molecular weight PTFE were used as a coating materials. These films were deposited on Si-wafer (100) by IBAD (ion beam assisted deposition) method. The Ar ion beam sputtering was performed to change the surface topography of films using a hollow cathode ion gun under different Ar ion dose conditions in a vacuum chamber. Micro/nano tribological characteristics, water wetting angles and roughness were measured with a micro tribotester, SPM (scanning probe microscope), contact anglemeter and profilometer, respectively. The durability of the films were measured with macro tribotester. Results showed that the PTFE coating surfaces were converted to hydrophobic. The water contact angle of coated surfaces and surface roughness increased with the coating thickness. Adhesion and friction in micro and nano scale were governed by magnitude of normal load in soft material such as PTFE films. As the increase of sputtering time on low molecular weight PTFE films, the surface roughness was increased and nano adhesion and friction were decreased. The nano tribological characteristics of surfaces are mainly improved by chemical modification such as PTFE coating and given a synergy effect by the physical modification such as topographic modification.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.233-236
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• 1995

Subepicardial space is one of the regions in which fat in moderate amount is normally deposited. When excess deposits of epicardial fat occur, penetration or infiltration of fat into the connective tissues between muscle bundles is observed. In some cases with very extensive involvement of epicardial fat,myocardial insufficiency and conduction system defect such as heart block have been implicated. More fat is deposited over the right ventricle than over left and the anterior surface contains more fat than dose the posterior surface. We studied 40 patients who underwent open heart surgery under the cardiopulmonary bypass. This study was designed to evaluate the percentage of the area of epicardial fat of the right ventricular anterior surface, which is more accessible area during the operative procedure. Other variables included thickness of subcutanous tissue of anterior chest wall, the ratio of waist to hip circumference, body weight and age. In conclusion, the amount of the epicardial fat correlates with thickness of the subcutaneous fat of the anterior chest wall and simple linear regression analysis indicates good correlation with body weight. Increased age results in large amount of epicardial fat.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.485-505
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• 1994

고양이에서 납중독에 따른 육안적 조직병리학적 변화를 밝히고 납투여 용량과 조직남종도와의 관계를 규명하기 위하여 42마리의 고양이를 대상으로 체중에 따라 0(대조군), 10, 100(저용량), 1000, 2000, 4000(고용량)ppm의 lead acetate를 경구적으로 투여하여 납독성을 평가하였다. 준임상형 납중독에서 흡수된 납의 80% 이상이 뼈에 침착되었다. 반면에 심급성 납중독에서 흡수된 납의 42%가 뼈에, 36%와 20%가 신장과 간장에 각각 침착되었다. 간장은 황갈색조를 보였고 신경계에는 육안적 병변이 관찰되지 않았다. 가장 두드러진 조직병리학적 소견은 대뇌에 신경원괴사였다. 한마리의 고용량 투여 고양이에서 성상세포 증식이 관찰되었다. 6마리에 고용량투여 고양이의 대뇌피질에서 신경교증이 관찰되었다. 2마리의 고용량 투여 고양이 대뇌 피질 회백질에서 가장 깊은 층에 수초탈락이 있었고 혈관주위에 적혈구의 유출과 공동화가 한마리의 고용량 투여 고양이의 대뇌에서 관찰되었다. 6마리의 고용량투여 고양이에서 소뇌의 Purkinje cell의 변성을 보였다. 말초신경의 현미경적 소견은 분명하지 않았다. 심급성 중독에서 7마리의 고양이의 신장 근위곡세뇨관 상피세포와 5마리 고양이의 간장 간세포에 납봉입체가 관찰되었다. 이들 봉입체는 H&E 염색에서 볼 수 있으며 orcein 염색에서 더 잘 관찰된다. 2 마리의 고용량 투여 고양이에서 신장의 세뇨관간에 공포화와 결합조직 증식이 있었다. 22마리의 고양이 간장에 문맥주위 간세포의 공동화가 관찰되었다. 5마리의 처치 고양이 고환에 정세관의 공포화와 정조 포수의 감소가 관찰되었다. 3마리의 고용량 투여 고양이에 난소낭종이 있었으며 2마리의 고양이에서 난자발생이 좋지 않았다. 고양이에서 납중독은 조직병리학적 변화에 근거하여 의심할 수 있고 이 소견들은 진단에 도움이 된다. 또한 사후 조직내 납분석은 납중독 진단에 도움이 된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제41권
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• pp.26.1-26.7
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• 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and pharmacoepidemiologic characteristics of medicationrelated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Methods: The study population is comprised of 86patients who were diagnosed with ONJ at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from 2008 to 2015. Factors for epidemiologic evaluation were gender, age, location of lesion, and clinical history. The types of bisphosphonates, duration of intake, and the amount of accumulated dose were evaluated for therapeutic response. Clinical symptoms and radiographic images were utilized for the assessment of prognosis. Results: Among the 86 patients, five were male, whereas 81 were female with mean age of 73.98 (range 45-97). Location of the lesion was in the mandible for 58 patients and maxilla in 25 patients. Three patients had both mandible and maxilla affected. This shows that the mandible is more prone to the formation of ONJ lesions compared to the maxilla. ONJ occurred in 38 cases after extraction, nine cases after implant surgery, six cases were denture use, and spontaneously in 33 cases. Seventy-six patients were taking other drugs aside from drugs indicated for osteoporosis. Most of these patients were diagnosed as osteoporosis, rheumatic arthritis, multiple myeloma, or had a history of cancer therapy. Higher weighted total accumulation doses were significantly associated with poorer prognosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Dose, duration, route, and relative potency of bisphosphonates are significantly associated with treatment prognosis of osteonecrosis of the jaw.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.239-253
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• 2017

Neodymium is a future-oriented material due to its unique properties, and its use is increasing in various industrial fields worldwide. However, the toxicity caused by repeated exposure to this metal has not been studied in detail thus far. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential inhalation toxicity of nano-sized neodymium oxide ($Nd_2O_3$) following a 28-day repeated inhalation exposure in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were exposed to nano-sized $Nd_2O_3-containing$ aerosols via a nose-only inhalation system at doses of $0mg/m^3$, $0.5mg/m^3$, $2.5mg/m^3$, and $10mg/m^3$ for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week over a 28-day period, followed by a 28-day recovery period. During the experimental period, clinical signs, body weight, hematologic parameters, serum biochemical parameters, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathological findings were examined; neodymium distribution in the major organs and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and oxidative stress in lung tissues were analyzed. Most of the neodymium was found to be deposited in lung tissues, showing a dose-dependent relationship. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) were the main observations of lung histopathology. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in the $2.5mg/m^3$ and higher dose treatment groups. PAP was observed in all treatment groups accompanied by an increase in lung weight, but was observed to a lesser extent in the $0.5mg/m^3$ treatment group. In BALF analysis, total cell counts, including macrophages and neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increased significantly in all treatment groups. After a 4-week recovery period, these changes were generally reversed in the $0.5mg/m^3$ group, but were exacerbated in the $10mg/m^3$ group. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration of nano-sized $Nd_2O_3$ was determined to be $0.5mg/m^3$, and the target organ was determined to be the lung, under the present experimental conditions in male rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.448-458
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• 2009

It has been well documented from animal and human studies that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has numerous beneficial effects on health. In chickens, CLA exerts many effects on performance ranging from egg quality and yolk lipids to meat quality. Although there are several CLA isomers available, not all CLA isomers have the same incorporation rates into egg yolk: cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomers are more favorably deposited into egg yolk than other isomers investigated, but of the two isomers, the former has a higher incorporation rate than the latter. CLA alters the amounts and profiles of lipids in plasma, muscles and liver. Furthermore, increased liver weight was reported in chickens fed dietary CLA. As observed in egg yolk, marked reduction in intramuscular lipids as well as increased protein content was observed in different studies, leading to elevation in protein-to-fat ratio. Inconsistency exists for parameters such as body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production rate and mortality, depending upon experimental conditions. One setback is that hard-cooked yolks from CLA-consuming hens have higher firmness as refrigeration time and CLA are increased, perhaps owing to alterations in physico-chemistry of yolk. Another is that CLA can be detrimental to hatchability when provided to breeders: eggs from these breeders have impaired development in embryonic and neonatal stages, and have increased and decreased amounts of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Thus, both problems can be fully resolved if dietary sources rich in MUFAs are provided together with CLA. Emerging evidence suggests that CLA exerts a critical impact on stress and immune functions as it can completely nullify some of the adverse effects produced by immune challenges and reduce mortality in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, CLA is a key regulator of genes that may be responsible for lipid metabolism in chickens. CLA down-regulates both expression of the gene encoding stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and its protein activity in the chicken liver while up-regulating mRNA of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-l.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1186-1194
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to estimate the optimum dietary essential amino acid pattern for male Taiwan country chicks. A series of experiments was conducted with chicks, 14 d of age, for 2 wks. A basal synthetic diet was established using a dose response test for all essential amino acids referring to the broiler requirements recommended by NRC (1994). Twelve chicks were sacrificed at the beginning to provide initial body nitrogen data, and every group of six birds received the basal diet or a diet with a deficiency in a single essential amino acid in twenty one treatments by intubation according to their daily metabolic body weight (MBW). Deposited body nitrogen was determined using comparative slaughtering. According to the daily intake from the limiting amino acid per unit of MBW and the body nitrogen accretion rates for every two deficient groups with the same limiting amino acid but at different levels, a corresponding straight line was computed for each essential amino acid to intersect with a horizontal line made by the body nitrogen accretion rate of the control group. The x coordinate of the intersection represented the daily requirement for growth plus maintenance based on MBW corresponding to the essential amino acid. The amino acid ratios can be considered as the optimum pattern of dietary essential amino acids. The results, expressed with respect to lysine = 100, were arginine 105, methionine 81, histidine 34, tryptophan 18, leucine 103, phenylalanine 135, isoleucine 69, threonine 65 and valine 79. This pattern could be utilized to compute the dietary requirements (g/kg feed) for all essential amino acids by multiplying by the requirement of a single essential amino acid cited from the literature.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.18-44
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• 2017

목 적: 이 연구에서는 한의학에서 다양한 부인과 질환에 사용되어온 전통 복합 처방인 귀비탕과 가미온담탕을 합방, 가감한 가감귀비온담탕 열수 추출물의 갱년기 장애 개선 효과를 심혈관 장애, 비만, 고지혈증, 골다공증, 장기 지방축적 및 신경정신 장애를 포함한 다양한 사람의 갱년기 장애를 나타내는 것으로 알려진 난소적출(Ovariectomized, OVX) 랫트 모델을 이용하여 평가하였다. 방 법: 난소적출수술 28일 후부터 가감귀비온담탕 추출물(수율 : 22.03%)을 각각 100, 50 및 25 mg/ml의 농도로 멸균 증류수에 용해시키고, 체중 kg 당 5 ml의 용량(500, 250 및 125 mg/kg)으로 매일 1회씩 84일(12주 : 3개월)간 경구 투여한 다음, 항비만효과, 항자궁위축효과 및 골다공증 억제 효과의 3가지 생리활성 효과로 구분하여 평가하였다. 항비만 효과 및 항자궁위축효과를 평가하기 위해, 체중 및 증체량, 혈청중 에스트라디올 함량, 복부 축적 지방 및 자궁의 중량의 변화와 복부 축적 지방의 두께 및 평균 지방세포 직경, 자궁 전체, 상피 및 점막의 두께와 점막내 자궁샘이 차지하는 비율의 변화를 각각 평가하였다. 또한 골다공증 개선효과, 즉 골 보호효과를 평가하기 위해, 대퇴골, 경골 및 요추골의 습, 건조 및 탄화 중량, 골밀도, 골강도, 혈중 osteocalcin 및 bone specific alkaline phosphatase(bALP) 함량, 골량 및 구조와 골흡수에 대한 조직병리학적 변화를 각각 측정하였다. 실험군(5개군; 군당 8마리의 랫트 사용) 거짓수술 대조군(거짓수술 후, 증류수 투여 대조군) 난소적출 대조군(난소적출 수술 후, 증류수 투여 대조군) GGOT500(난소적출 수술 후, 가감귀비온담탕 추출물 500 mg/kg 투여 고용량 실험군) GGOT250(난소적출 수술 후, 가감귀비온담탕 추출물 250 mg/kg 투여 중간용량 실험군) GGOT125(난소적출 수술 후, 가감귀비온담탕 추출물 125 mg/kg 투여 저용량 실험군) 결 과: 난소적출 대조군에서는 거짓수술 대조군에 비해 현저한 체중 및 증체량, 사료 및 물 섭취량, 축적 복부 지방 중량, 혈청 중 osteocalcin 함량의 증가가 자궁, 대퇴골, 경골 및 L5 중량과 혈중 bALP 및 에스트라디올 함량의 감소와 함께 인정되었으며, 현저한 복벽 축적 지방 두께의 증가 및 자궁의 위축, 대퇴골, 경골 및 L4의 골량 및 구조의 감소 소견이 골 흡수 지표(Ocn 및 OS/BS)의 현저한 증가와 함께 조직병리학적 및 조직형태계측학적으로 인정되었다. 즉, 전형적인 에스트로겐 결핍성 갱년기 장애가 난소적출에 의해 유발되었다. 한편 이러한 난소적출에 의한 에스트로겐 결핍성 폐경기 관련 갱년기 장애 소견이, 가감귀비온담탕 추출물 500, 250 및 125 mg/kg의 84일에 걸친 연속 경구 투여에 의해 투여 용량 의존적으로 억제되었다. 결 론: 이상의 결과에서, 가감귀비온담탕 500, 250 및 125 mg/kg의 경구투여는 난소적출 랫트에서 에스트로겐 결핍성 폐경기 관련 갱년기 장애 개선 효과를 투여 용량 의존적으로 나타내었다. 따라서 가감귀비온담탕은 효과적인 갱년기 장애 개선제로서 개발 가능성이 높을 것으로 기대되며, 특히 에스트로겐 결핍성 비만 및 골다공증의 개선에 유효할 것으로 판단된다. 한편 가감귀비온담탕은 총 18종의 약제로 구성되어 있고, 각각 수많은 생리활성 물질을 함유하고 있어, 이후 생리활성을 나타내는 화학성분의 검색과 더불어 다양한 방면으로 기전적인 연구가 체계적으로 수행해야 할 것으로 판단된다.