• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.18.1-18.7
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• 2023

South Korea has the highest policy priority for working hour regulations because it has longer annual working hours than other Organization for Economic Development Co-operation and Development countries and has fewer holidays. According to the results of the Working Conditions Surveys between 2006 and 2020, in 2020, 6% of wage earners worked for > 52 hours weekly. The percentage of workers exceeding 52 hours weekly has decreased over time; however, disparities exist based on age, industry, occupation, company type, and company size, particularly in service-, arts-, and culture-related occupations and workplaces with fewer than 5 employees. South Korea's working hours system is greatly influenced by the 52-hour weekly maximum; sometimes, a maximum of 64-69 hours, including overtime, is theoretically possible. To ensure healthy working hours, it is important to actively protect workers who fall through the cracks, such as those in businesses with fewer than 5 employees.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.143-178
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• 2004

엄밀한 성장요인 분석을 위해서는 취업자수 및 인적 물적 자본스톡 뿐 아니라 취업자의 평균 취업시간 및 취업시간 변화에 따른 노동능률의 변화를 동시에 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 구간별로 발표되고 있는 주당 취업시간별 취업자수 통계에 최우추정법을 적용하여 총취업자의 단위 기간당 취업시간의 분포를 추정하고, 임금통계를 이용하여 단위 기간당 취업시간 변화에 따른 노동의 능률변화패턴을 추정한 후, 이를 결합하여 1963~2003년 기간중 총취업자의 주당 취업시간과 노동능률지표를 추정하였다. 추정결과에 따르면 주당 취업시간이 40시간일 때에 노동의 능률이 최대화되며, 1963~2003년 기간중 노동능률지표의 연평균 증가율은 0.14%로 계산되었다.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 2006년 1차, 2010년 2차, 2011년 3차, 2014년 4차 근로환경조사(KWCS) 결과를 바탕으로 2000년대 중반부터 약 10년에 걸쳐 직업별, 고용계약기간별, 직장 유형별, 최종학력별로 우리나라 근로자의 근로시간이 어떻게 변했는지 살펴보았다. 아울러 우리나라의 근로환경조사(KWCS)와 유럽의 2010년 5차 근로환경조사(EWCS) 결과를 비교하였다. 주당 근로시간의 경우 2000년대 중반부터 근래에까지 줄어들었지만 유럽의 근로시간보다는 아직도 더 길다. 직업별로는 서비스종사자와 판매종사자가 전문가보다, 민간부문이 공공부문 및 비영리단체보다, 그리고 저학력자가 고학력자보다 근로시간이 더 길다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.343-346
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• 2017

Background: Long working hours adversely affect worker safety and health. In 2004, Korea passed legislation that limited the work week to 40 hours, in an effort to improve quality-of-life and increase business competitiveness. This regulation was implemented in stages, first for large businesses and then for small businesses, from 2004 to 2011. We previously reported that average weekly working hours decreased from 2006 to 2010, based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey. Methods: In the present study, we examine whether average weekly working hours continued to decrease in 2014 based on the 2014 Korean Working Conditions Survey. Results: The results show that average weekly working hours among all groups of workers decreased in 2014 relative to previous years; however, self-employed individuals and employers (who are not covered by the new legislation) in the specific service sectors worked > 60 h/wk in 2014. Conclusion: The Korean government should prohibit employees from working excessive hours and should also attempt to achieve social and public consensus regarding work time reduction to improve the safety, health, and quality-of-life of all citizens, including those who are employers and self-employed.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권10호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2000

The purpose of this study were to compare the job satisfaction of married salaried women with that of self-employed, and to identify the determinants of job satisfaction of both of them. The sample consisted of 176 salaried women and 123 self-employed from data of 1998 Korea Household Panel Study, and analyzed into Frequencies, Percentile, t-test, $\varkappa$$^2$-test, and Multiple Regression. The findings showed that self-employed had larger proportion of home-based worker, worked more hours, and had more earnings than the salaried, and that the job satisfaction of salaried worker were higher than that of self-employed. The determinants of job satisfaction of total working women were educational level, perception of present economic status, health status, number of eamers, weekly working hours, and their income. In case of salaried worker, educational level, health status, number of earners, weekly working hours, and their income had effect on their job satisfaction, while the factors contributing job satisfaction of self-employed were health status, region, weekly working hours, and income.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.21.1-21.11
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• 2023

Background: Recently, irregular working hours have become controversial issues in Korea. The health impact of irregular working hours on the work-related musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is scarcely researched before. We sought to investigate the association between irregular working hours and work-related MSP among South Korean workers. Methods: This study used data from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey in 2020. The prevalence of work-related MSP was analyzed using the χ² test. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between irregular working hours and work-related MSP. We conducted stratified analysis by gender, weekly working hours, and workers' control over their working hours. We calculated the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of work-related MSP for irregular working hours combined with weekly working hours. Results: The OR for work-related MSP was significantly higher in the population with irregular working hours than in the population with regular working hours (OR: 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-1.58). Irregular and long (> 52 hours/week) working hours have the highest risk of work-related MSP in both genders (in men, OR: 3.48 [95% CI: 2.53-4.78]; in women, OR: 2.41 [95% CI: 1.46-4.00]). Conclusions: Irregular working hours were associated with work-related MSP in Korea. The association was magnified with long working hours. Reform of the Korean Labor Standards Act leading to increase irregular working hours may induce adverse health outcome.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제34권
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• pp.4.1-4.11
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• 2022

Background: Long working hours are known to account for approximately one-third of the total expected work-related diseases, and much interest and research on long working hours have recently been conducted. Additionally, as the prevalence of prediabetes and the high-risk group for diabetes are increasing worldwide, interest in prediabetes is also rising. However, few studies have addressed the development of type 2 diabetes and long working hours in prediabetes. Therefore, the aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and the development of diabetes in prediabetes. Methods: We included 14,258 prediabetes participants with hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) level of 5.7 to 6.4 in the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study. According to a self-reported questionnaire, we evaluated weekly working hours, which were categorized into 35-40, 41-52, and > 52 hours. Development of diabetes was defined as an HbA1c level ≥ 6.5%. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of diabetes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analyses with weekly working 35-40 hours as the reference. Results: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, 776 participants developed diabetes (incidence density, 1.66 per 100 person-years). Multivariable-adjusted HRs of development of diabetes for weekly working > 52 hours compared with working 35-40 hours were 2.00 (95% CI: 1.50-2.67). In subgroup analyses by age (< 40 years old, ≥ 40 years old), sex (men, women), and household income (< 6 million KRW, ≥ 6 million KRW), consistent and significant positive associations were observed in all groups. Conclusions: In our large-scale longitudinal study, long working hours increases the risk of developing diabetes in prediabetes patients.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.19.1-19.5
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• 2023

There are several types of shift work in Korea: rotating shift, 24-hour shift, day-night shift, fixed night work, and.so on. As a result of analyzing the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 6th Korean Working Condition Survey, Korean shift workers accounted for 11.6%-13.9% of wage workers. Weekly working hours of shift workers were 57.69 ± 1.73 (24-hours shift) and 49.97 ± 0.67 (fixed night shift), which were significantly longer than day workers. To prevent health consequences of night work, many countries regulate the working hours of night work not to exceed 7-9 hours a day. However, Korea does not regulate working hours for night work, and some occupations may work more hours than the prescribed overtime hours. To prevent health consequences and reduce working hours for Korean night shift workers, it is necessary to regulate the working hours of night shift workers by law.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권9호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether employed mothers' extended working hours have effects on childcare style and work-family conflicts. The data came from the 2007 Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family(KLoWF) of the Korean Women's Development Institute. 475 females with preschoolers or elementary-school children were used in this study. The major findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Weekly average working hours varied by education, salary, and the presence of preschoolers. (2) The time of childcare was significantly shorter in mothers who work more than 50 hours/week (3) Mothers who worked more than 50 hours/week felt significantly high work-family conflict. These analyses pointed to the importance of obeying the law related to working hours as the most important thing to sustain work-family balance. Institutional foundations should be enabled to keep legal working hours.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.45-65
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• 2016

근래에 들어 기업 간 경쟁이 심화되고, 경제상황이 불안해지면서 근로시간의 단축은 물론 비정규직이나 시간제 근로자의 양산, 새로운 탄력근무제나 교대제의 도입 등이 일어났고, 따라서 근로시장은 급속한 변화를 겪고 있다. 이에 이 연구에서는 우선 탐색적 자료분석 방법을 이용하여 KWCS(Korean Working Conditions Survey)와 EWCS (European Working Conditions Survey) 데이터로부터 근로환경의 측면에서 근로자의 사회 인구학적 특성이 어떤지 살펴보고자 한다. 이어서 KWCS와 EWCS의 데이터를 가지고 탐색적 자료분석 방법으로 주당 근로시간이 성별, 연령별, 종사상 지위별, 직종별, 산업별로 얼마나 차이가 나는지 알아보고자 한다. 마지막으로 근로자들을 건강이 적어도 좋은 편에 속하는 사람들과 건강이 적어도 나쁜 편에 속하는 사람들로 나누어 두 그룹 간 주당 평균근로시간이 성별, 연령별, 종사상 지위별, 직종별, 산업별로 얼마나 차이가 나는지 표를 통해 먼저 살펴보고, 주당 평균근로시간을 반응변수로 보고 이에 영향을 미치는 요인들 (건강, 성, 연령, 종사상 지위 등)의 효과를 점검하는 단순회귀 및 다중회귀 분석을 실시하고자 한다.