Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

  • Volume 34
  • /
  • Pages.4.1-4.11
  • /
  • 2022
  • /
  • 1225-3618(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2052-4374(eISSN)
The Korean Society of Occupational & Environmental Medicine (대한직업환경의학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of long working hours on developing type 2 diabetes in adults with prediabetes: The Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study

  • Eunhye Seo (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Yesung Lee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Eunchan Mun (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Dae Hoon Kim (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Youshik Jeong (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jaehong Lee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Jinsook Jeong (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine) ;
  • Woncheol Lee (Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine)
  • Received : 2021.11.15
  • Accepted : 2022.02.28
  • Published : 2022.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Long working hours are known to account for approximately one-third of the total expected work-related diseases, and much interest and research on long working hours have recently been conducted. Additionally, as the prevalence of prediabetes and the high-risk group for diabetes are increasing worldwide, interest in prediabetes is also rising. However, few studies have addressed the development of type 2 diabetes and long working hours in prediabetes. Therefore, the aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the relationship between long working hours and the development of diabetes in prediabetes. Methods: We included 14,258 prediabetes participants with hemoglobinA1c (HbA1c) level of 5.7 to 6.4 in the Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study. According to a self-reported questionnaire, we evaluated weekly working hours, which were categorized into 35-40, 41-52, and > 52 hours. Development of diabetes was defined as an HbA1c level ≥ 6.5%. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of diabetes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analyses with weekly working 35-40 hours as the reference. Results: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, 776 participants developed diabetes (incidence density, 1.66 per 100 person-years). Multivariable-adjusted HRs of development of diabetes for weekly working > 52 hours compared with working 35-40 hours were 2.00 (95% CI: 1.50-2.67). In subgroup analyses by age (< 40 years old, ≥ 40 years old), sex (men, women), and household income (< 6 million KRW, ≥ 6 million KRW), consistent and significant positive associations were observed in all groups. Conclusions: In our large-scale longitudinal study, long working hours increases the risk of developing diabetes in prediabetes patients.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research has been supported by the Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (KSOEM) to assist a small research group.

References

  1. Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimaki M. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 2012;379(9833):2279-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9
  2. Hostalek U. Global epidemiology of prediabetes - present and future perspectives. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2019;5(1):5.
  3. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Narayan KM, Weisman D, Golden SH, Jaar BG. Association between prediabetes and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2016;33(12):1615-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13113
  4. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The prevalence of retinopathy in impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabet Med 2007;24(2):137-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02043.x
  5. Lee CC, Perkins BA, Kayaniyil S, Harris SB, Retnakaran R, Gerstein HC, et al. Peripheral neuropathy and nerve dysfunction in individuals at high risk for type 2 diabetes: the PROMISE cohort. Diabetes Care 2015;38(5):793-800. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc14-2585
  6. Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, Li M, Hu Y. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;355:i5953.
  7. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346(6):393-403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
  8. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, An ZX, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20(4):537-44. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.20.4.537
  9. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V, et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia 2006;49(2):289-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-0097-z
  10. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344(18):1343-50. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200105033441801
  11. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Hours worked. https://data.oecd.org/emp/hours-worked.htm. Updated 2020. Accessed November 19, 2021.
  12. Li W, Ruan W, Chen Z, Yi G, Lu Z, Wang D. A meta-analysis of observational studies including dose-response relationship between long working hours and risk of obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021;22(4):837-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09643-3
  13. Nakanishi N, Yoshida H, Nagano K, Kawashimo H, Nakamura K, Tatara K. Long working hours and risk for hypertension in Japanese male white collar workers. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55(5):316-22. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.5.316
  14. Kivimaki M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Singh-Manoux A, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, et al. Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603,838 individuals. Lancet 2015;386(10005):1739-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60295-1
  15. Lee Y, Mun E, Park S, Lee W. Long working hours are associated with a higher risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a large population-based Korean cohort study. PLoS One 2021;16(7):e0255118.
  16. Nakashima M, Morikawa Y, Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, Ishizaki M, et al. Association between long working hours and sleep problems in white-collar workers. J Sleep Res 2011;20(1 Pt 1):110-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00852.x
  17. Dembe AE, Erickson JB, Delbos RG, Banks SM. The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: new evidence from the United States. Occup Environ Med 2005;62(9):588-97. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.016667
  18. Lee HE, Kim I, Kim HR, Kawachi I. Association of long working hours with accidents and suicide mortality in Korea. Scand J Work Environ Health 2020;46(5):480-7. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3890
  19. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11-66. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-S011
  20. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28(7):412-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883
  21. Ratziu V, Bellentani S, Cortez-Pinto H, Day C, Marchesini G. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol 2010;53(2):372-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.008
  22. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, Croce LS, Brandi G, Sasso F, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 2000;132(2):112-7. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-2-200001180-00004
  23. Okechukwu CA. Long working hours are linked to risky alcohol consumption. BMJ 2015;350:g7800.
  24. Kim BG, Pang DD, Park YJ, Lee JI, Kim HR, Myong JP, et al. Heavy smoking rate trends and related factors in Korean occupational groups: analysis of KNHANES 2007-2012 data. BMJ Open 2015;5(11):e008229.
  25. Akter S, Goto A, Mizoue T. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Epidemiol 2017;27(12):553-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017
  26. Polsky S, Akturk HK. Alcohol consumption, diabetes risk, and cardiovascular disease within diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2017;17(12):136.
  27. Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 2019;42(5):731-54. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0014
  28. Richter J, Herzog N, Janka S, Baumann T, Kistenmacher A, Oltmanns KM. Twice as high diet-induced thermogenesis after breakfast vs dinner on high-calorie as well as low-calorie meals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(3):e211.
  29. Mekary RA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, van Dam RM, Hu FB. Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(5):1182-9.  https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.028209
  30. Sakai R, Hashimoto Y, Ushigome E, Miki A, Okamura T, Matsugasumi M, et al. Late-night-dinner is associated with poor glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study. Endocr J 2018;65(4):395-402. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ17-0414
  31. Lee K, Suh C, Kim JE, Park JO. The impact of long working hours on psychosocial stress response among white-collar workers. Ind Health 2017;55(1):46-53. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2015-0173
  32. Hackett RA, Steptoe A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress - a modifiable risk factor. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13(9):547-60.
  33. Luc K, Schramm-Luc A, Guzik TJ, Mikolajczyk TP. Oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in prediabetes and diabetes. J Physiol Pharmacol 2019;70(6):809-24.
  34. Korean Diabetes Association. Treatment Guideline for Diabetes. 6th ed. Seoul: Korean Diabetes Association; 2019.
  35. Jung CH, Son JW, Kang S, Kim WJ, Kim HS, Kim HS, et al. Diabetes fact sheets in Korea, 2020: an appraisal of current status. Diabetes Metab J 2021;45(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0254
  36. de Souza Santos R, Harter Griep R, Mendes da Fonseca MJ, Chor D, Santos IS, Melo EC. Combined use of job stress models and the incidence of glycemic alterations (prediabetes and diabetes): results from ELSA-Brasil Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(5):1539.
  37. Lee J, Kim HR, Jang TW, Lee DW, Jeong C, Kang MY. Poor glycemic control in workers with diabetes mellitus in relation to long working hours: a cross-sectional study. Ind Health 2020;58(5):451-9. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2020-0037
  38. Kivimaki M, Virtanen M, Kawachi I, Nyberg ST, Alfredsson L, Batty GD, et al. Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015;3(1):27-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70178-0
  39. Kuwahara K, Miyamoto T, Yamamoto S, Honda T, Nakagawa T, Mizoue T, et al. Patterns of changes in overtime working hours over 3 years and the risk for progression to type 2 diabetes in adults with pre-diabetes. Prev Med 2019;121:18-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.002
  40. Gan Y, Yang C, Tong X, Sun H, Cong Y, Yin X, et al. Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Occup Environ Med 2015;72(1):72-8. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102150
  41. Bannai A, Yoshioka E, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kishi R, Tamakoshi A. The risk of developing diabetes in association with long working hours differs by shift work schedules. J Epidemiol 2016;26(9):481-7. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20150155
  42. Rooney MR, Rawlings AM, Pankow JS, Echouffo Tcheugui JB, Coresh J, Sharrett AR, et al. Risk of progression to diabetes among older adults with prediabetes. JAMA Intern Med 2021;181(4):511-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8774
  43. Souza CF, Gross JL, Gerchman F, Leitao CB. Prediabetes: diagnosis, evaluation of chronic complications, and treatment. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2012;56(5):275-84.  https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302012000500001