• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.643-649
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of feeding direct-fed microbials (DFM) on the growth performance and prophylaxis of calf diarrhea during the pre-weaning period as an alternative to antibiotics. A multi-species DFM was formulated including three lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus salivarius Ls29, Pediococcus acidilactia Pa175, and L. plantarum Lp177), three Bacillus strains (B. subtilis T4, B. polymyxa T1 and SM2), one yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, and a nonpathogenic E. coli Nissle 1917. Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus strains were selected based on the antibacterial activity against various animal pathogens, especially pathogenic E. coli using agar diffusion methods in vitro. Test and control groups were fed milk replacer and calf starter supplemented with DFM ($10^9$ cfu each of eight species/d/head, n = 29) or with antibiotics (0.1% neomycin sulfate in milk replacer and Colistin 0.08% and Oxyneo 110/110 0.1% in calf starter, n = 15), respectively. Overall fecal score and the incidence rate of diarrhea were reduced in the DFM group compared to the antibiotics one. About 40% of calves in antibiotic group suffered from diarrhea while in DFM group only 14% showed diarrhea. There was no difference in the average daily gain and feed efficiency of two groups. The hematological levels of calves were all within the normal range with no significant difference. In conclusion, the feeding of multispecies DFM during the pre-weaning period could reduce calf diarrhea and there was no difference in the growth performance between the groups, thus showing the potential as an alternative to antibiotics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.243-252
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• 1983

This study was undertaken to invesigate the effect of early nutritional deprivation and environment on neurotransmitter concentrations and behavior in later life. The restoring process of rats fed foods ad libitum after 50% restriction of the casein or the Korean diet during the prenatal and/or the lactating periods was observed. There were two rearing conditions, isolated and enriched, after weaning. Behavioral development was measured by the Y- shaped water maze and the open field test. The neurotransmitters were analyzed after sacrifice at the age of 21 weeks. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The body weight impairment by dietary restriction during the prenatal and lactating periods could be restored within 18 weeks after weaning in case of living in a classical cage. The effect of quantitative restriction was bigger in the Korean diet than in the casein diet. 2) The brain weight was decreased by nutritional deprivation. Environmental enrichment increased it slightly. 3) The concentration of neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, were not shown any traces of the dietary restriction at the age of 21 weeks. 4) In the maze test, the deprived rats made more errors than the nourished and the rats fed the Korean diet more than those fed the cascin dict. The environmental enrichment could decrease the number of errors. 5) In the open field test, the dietary deprived groups showed less reaction time, more squares entered in the field, and less number of fecal boli than the nourished among the environmentally isolated rats. However, rats living in the enriched cage without experience of nutritional stress showed the lowest emotionality and the elevated exploratory activity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.875-883
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of group-housing facility (GHF), compared to an individual confinement stall (CON), on the reproductive performance, behavior, and stress hormones of gestating sows. A total of 50 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allocated into either CON (n = 25) or GHF (n = 25) during the gestation period. One week before parturition, the sows were transferred into conventional farrowing crates, and cross-fostering was conducted within 1 d of delivery. Blood was collected for analyses of stress indices at 75 d of gestation and postpartum. Reproductive performance was estimated during the period of birth to weaning. Behavior patterns were identified at 90 d of gestation. Litter size was not different between the CON and GHF treatments. Weaning to estrus interval, however, tended to be lower in the GHF than in the CON (p < 0.1). Activity, treating, belly nosing, and exploring behaviors were observed only in the GHF group, whereas rubbing was shown only with the CON. Serum cortisol concentration was lower in the GHF than in the CON at 75 d of gestation (p < 0.05). Sows housed in the GHF showed lower epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations than those housed in the CON at postpartum (p < 0.05). The GHF sows demonstrated more natural behavior characteristics associated with stress relief than the CON sows with no adverse effects on reproductive performance. Therefore, these results suggest that GHF could be applied as an alternative housing facility to improve animal welfare on swine farms.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.119-131
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• 2023

Objective: This study was to assess the effects of different doses of an essential oil blend (EOB) on growth performance, diarrhea occurrence (DO), hematological and blood biochemical profile, intestinal morphometry, morphology and microbiology, relative weight and length of organs, digestive content pH, and liver antioxidant status in weaning piglets. Methods: A total of 135 barrows (7.09±0.29 kg body weight) were allotted randomly in a randomized complete block design based on body weight with nine replications and three animals per pen. Dietary treatments were a negative control (NC): basal diet; positive control (PC): NC plus 125 mg performance-enhancing antibiotic (enramycin 8%)/kg diet; NC plus 100 mg EOB/kg diet (EO100); NC plus 200 mg EOB/kg diet (EO200); and NC plus 400 mg EOB/kg diet (EO400). Diarrhea occurrence was monitored daily, and performance at the end of each phase. Results: Gain to feed ratio was greater (p<0.05) in starter II pigs fed EO400 and EO200 than in those fed EO100. Pigs fed EO400 had lower (p<0.05) DO than those fed NC and EO100 in the total period. Pre-starter II pigs fed NC had (p<0.05) lower serum total protein and plasma protein than pigs fed PC. Pigs fed EO100 showed smaller (p<0.05) mean corpuscular volume (MCV) than pigs fed EO400. Starter II pigs fed EO400 had (p<0.05) greater MCV and lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin and erythrocytes than those fed EO100. There was a greater concentration (p<0.05) of band cells for PC, similar to EO400 and EO200. Performance-enhancing antibiotic and EOB to diets increased (p<0.05) liver superoxide dismutase activity. Conclusion: Adding 200 and 400 mg EOB/kg diet decreased DO and was advantageous to hematological and blood biochemical profile and liver antioxidant status without being detrimental to growth performance and gastrointestinal health in nursery pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1353-1362
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• 2005

The stressful physiological and environmental conditions around weaning often promote the proliferation of pathogens in the digestive tract of piglets resulting in diarrhoea and reduced daily weight gain. Typical dietary practices to maintain growth performance and health have led to an increased use of antimicrobial growth promoters. Due to the advanced ban of antibiotics in pig production, new concepts have been developed to secure animal health and growth performance, feed efficiency, and product quality as well. Several naturally occurring compounds seem to beneficially affect the composition and activity of the microflora in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. These are, among others, organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, and enzymes. Organic acids are already widely used, especially in pigs, due to their positive effects on GIT health and growth performance. Probiotics have been shown to be effective against diarrhoea though effects may be dependent on diet composition and environmental conditions. Prebiotics may influence composition and activity of the intestinal microflora. Additionally, pre- and probiotics may exert positive influences on immune response, whereas enzymes may enhance feed digestibility by breaking down anti-nutritional factors. In the following, the focus will be directed to the role of organic acids, probiotics, prebiotics, and feeding enzymes as potential modulators of GIT health.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.189-195
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• 2012

Epimedii Herba is a traditional medicinal herb used in Korea and China and exerts estrogenic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of peripubertal administration of Epimedii Herba on pubertal development in female rats using a modified protocol of the rodent 20-day pubertal female assay. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old after weaning, 10 rats per group) were divided into five groups: saline (Con), ethinyl estradiol (E2), Epimedii Herba ext (Ext), icariin (ICI), and icaritin (ICT), which were administered by oral gavage (E2 by subcutaneous injection) from postnatal day (PND) 21 through PND40. The time to vaginal opening (VO) was shorter for the Epimedii groups, particularly for the ICT group (p<0.05). Treatment with ICI and ICT significantly increased the duration of the estrus cycle (ICI, 2.78 days; ICT, 4.0 days; control, 1.78 days). Ovary weight was reduced by E2 treatment and increased by the Ext, ICI, and ICT treatments while the weight of the uterus and pituitary glands increased significantly only in the E2 and ICT groups. Although Epimedii Herba displayed relatively weak estrogenic activity, its repeated administration could affect pubertal development in female rats.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.670-678
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• 1994

압출조리 공법에 의한 한국형 쌀 이유식 제조에서 아밀라제 첨가가 압출미분의 물성 변화에 미치는 영향을알아보았다. 압출조리기의 스크류 회전수는 200 rpm, 원료의 사입속도는 180 g/min로 고정하여 작동하였다. 원료 쌀가루의 수분함량은 18, 23, 28%로 가수하였고 첨가된 아밀라제는 Bacillus licheniformis 로부터 분리한 Termaamyl 120LS(NOVO사), Bacillus amylolichuefaciens 로부터 분리한 BAN 240L(NOVO사) 및 맥아분말이다. 아밀라제 첨가에 의해 압출미분의 수용성지수는 3배 까지 중가했고, 환원당 생성량은 원료의 수분함량에 크게 영향을 받아 28% 수분함량에서 급격히 증가하여 수용성지수와는 다른 경향을 나타내었다. 겔 루파크로 마토그래피에 의한 분자량적 구조 변화 측정 결과 아밀라제 첨가에 의해 고분자 획분이 싱당히 감소했으며 상대적으로 저분자 획분이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 아밀라제의 잔존활성은 아밀라제 종류에 따라 다르며 가장 내열성인 Termamyl 120LS의 경우 용융부위 온도 $140^{\circ}C$에서 27%까지 감소하였다. 침전법에 의한 분산특성은아밀라제 작용에 의해 수용성 물질이 중가함에 따라 침전충의 감소를 나타내었으나 처러온도가 $140^{\circ}C$로 중가하면 침전충의 높이는 종가하였다. 겉보기 점도는 아밀라제 첨가에 의해 무처리 압출미분의 $1/4{\sim}1/200$로감소하였다. 시판 이유식외 권장농도에서의 점도와 같은 점도 수준에 도달하기 위해서는 원료의 수분함량(18, 23, 28%), 아밀라제 종류 및 첨가량, 계량부위 온도에 따른 각 작동조건의 압출미분을 최고 1.8배의 양을 사용할 수 있었다. 이상에서 살펴본 바와 같이 원료 쌀가루에 첨가된 아밀라제가 압출조리기내를 통과하떤서 쌀가루의 가수분해를 일으켜 환원당 등 수웅성 물질이 중가하고 분산특성이 좋아지며 점도가 낮아지고 결국 이유식의 열량밀도를 증가시킬 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.89-97
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• 1988

Twenty-eight porcine rotavirus were isolated from piglets with diarrhoea in chonnam province. According to the age, 41 to 60 day old pigs showed the highest isolation frequency among the post weaning pigs. The characteristics of the field isolates were determined by electronmicroscopy(EM), immunofluorescent assay(FA), and electrophoretic migration patterns of the genome profiles. Some of the isolates showed remarkable haemagglutination activity against rabbit and dog erythrocytes, ranged from 4 to 2848, respectively. At least 3 serotypes of porcine rotavirus were recognized by serum neutralization test using serotype specific rotavirus hyperimmune sera.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.171-177
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• 1990

Using an ethopharmacological technique, we demonstrated that saponin fraction from red ginseng root possessed a potent psychotropic actions on either intermale or maternal aggression models. A series of experiments clearly indicated that one of psychoactive ingredient is ginsenoside Rbl. Although a drug-induced debilitation of motor performance remains a possible cause of the antiaggressive affect of the drug. ginsenoside Rbl did not alter the locomotor activity of the mice during agonistic confrontations. Thus. one can eliminate the possibility that the psychotropic effect of ginsenoside Rbl might be concealed by a drug-induced impairment of motor performance. More recently, we developed a nevi model for copulatory disorder and introduced into the behavioral analysis of drug action. Male mice which has been housed individually from weaning for 5 weeks failed to manifest copulatory behavior when they encountered with the sexually receptive females. Daily administration of crude ginseng saponin during isolation housing period prevented the development of copulatory disorder, whereas both ginsenoside Rbl and Rgl were ineffective. A further experiment may be needed to explore active ingredient of ginseng saponins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1992

This paper examines the effects of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition and market enzyme activites during liver damage in 2-acetylaminofluorene treated rats. Weaning Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the diet of beef tallow(BT source of sturated fatty acid) corn oil(CO source of n-6 fatty acid) and perilla oil(PO source of n-3 fatty acid) at the level of 15% fat. Ten days after feeding 2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) was injected intraperitoneally twice every week at the level of 50mg/kg body weight for 7 weeks. Liver microsomal and cytosolic fractions were collected to determine the microsomal fatty acid composition lipid peroxide(malondialdehyde MDA) contents glucose 6-phosphatase(G6 Pase) activity cytochrome(Cyt) P-450 contents and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase(G6 Pase) activity cytochrome(Cyt) P-450 contents and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity. The fatty acid composition in microsomal fraction was reflected by different dietary fats. By 2-AAF treatment linoleic acids were increased regardless of the diet MDA contents were higher in CO group than it was in BT group. However 2-AAF treatment decreased MDA contents in all dietary groups. G6Pase activity of BT group was higher than those of the other gropus. CO group had the highest Cyt P-450 contents and 2-AAF treatment lowered Cyt P-450 contents only in CO gropu GST activites were higher in CO than in BT group whereas the enzyme activites were increased by 20AAF treatment in all dietary groups. These results suggest that dietary fats and 2-AAF treatment in all dietary groups,. These results suggest that dietary fats and 2-AAF treatment affect microsomal fatty acid composition The enzyme activities concerned with liver damage were influenced differently by dietary fats and 2-AFF treatment Although PO diet contains much more polyunsaturated fatty acids than CO diet PO diet doesn't cause more oxidant stress compared with CO diet in these data.