• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1224-1232
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• 2020

Objective: The QingYu pig is well known for its excellent meat quality attributes in Sichuan province, China. In order to improve its production efficiency, the determination of genetic factors contributing to quantifiable economic traits of livestock is important. Moreover, the cross-breeding of QingYu pigs with western breeds possessing strong growth attributes is an efficient way to improve the performance of this breed. Methods: Here, the genetic parameters of several important reproductive traits of QingYu pigs were estimated, include total number born (TNB), number born alive, litter birth weight, individual birth weight, number of piglets weaned, litter weaning weight, and individual weaning weight. The data was analyzed using the ASReml 3.0 software (NSW Inc., Sydney, Australia). Furthermore, the effects of crossing Berkshire with QingYu (BQ) pigs on carcass and meat quality traits, as well as the effects of slaughter weight on carcass and meat quality of BQ were characterized. Results: QingYu pigs exhibited superior reproductive traits. The TNB available to QingYu pigs was more than 8 per parity. The observed repeatability of the reproductive traits of the QingYu pigs was between 0.10 and 0.23. The significantly correlated genetic and phenotypic of reproduction traits were consistent. Interestingly, the BQ pigs exhibited improved carcass quality, with a significant increase in loin muscle area, lean percentage and reduction in sebum percentage. As a result, BQ had higher L_45min, lower cooking scores, and lower drip loss. In addition, the loin muscle area, body length, and sebum percentage were significantly higher in 90 and 100 kg animals. Cooking loss showed a significant increase at 80 kg, and marbling increased significantly from 90 kg. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that QingYu pigs exhibit excellent reproductive properties and heritability of these traits. Crossing with Berkshire is an efficient strategy to improve the carcass and meat quality of QingYu pigs for commercial operations. Furthermore, it appears as though the optimal slaughter weight of BQ pigs is at approximately 90 kg.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2020

The zoonotic transmission of viral diseases to humans is a serious public health concern. Pigs are frequently a major reservoir for several zoonotic viral diseases. Therefore, periodic surveillance is needed to determine the infection rates of zoonotic diseases in domestic pigs. Hepatitis E virus (HEV), rotavirus, sapovirus (SaV), and norovirus (NoV) are potential zoonotic viruses. In this study, 296 fecal samples were collected from weaned piglets and growing pigs in 13 swine farms, and the viral RNA was extracted. Partial viral genomes were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or nested-PCR using virus-specific primer sets under different PCR conditions. HEV-3, rotavirus A, and SaV genogoup 3 were detected from 11.5, 2.7, and 3.0% of the samples, respectively. On the other hand, NoV was not detected in any of the samples. Genetic analysis indicated that the nucleotide sequences of swine HEV-3 and rotavirus A detected in this study were closely related to those of human isolates. However, swine SaV was distant from the human strains. These results suggest that HEV-3 and rotavirus A can be transmitted from pigs to humans. Therefore, strict preventive measures should be implemented by workers in the swine industry to prevent infections with HEV-3 and rotavirus A excreted from pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.29.1-29.6
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• 2018

Background: Dietary supplementation of zinc oxide (ZnO) to 2000 to 4000 mg/kg is known to be effective for the prevention and treatment of post-weaning diarrhea in the pig. Such a 'pharmacological' supplementation, however, can potentially result in environmental pollution of the heavy metal, because dietary ZnO is mostly excreted unabsorbed. Two experiments (Exp.) were performed in the present study to determine the effects of a lipid-coated ZnO supplement Shield Zn (SZ) compared with those of ZnO. Methods: In Exp. 1, a total of 240 21-day-old weanling pigs were fed a diet supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg as ZnO (ZnO-100), ZnO-2500, SZ-100, or SZ-200 in 24 pens for 14 days on a farm with its post-weaning pigs exhibiting a low incidence of diarrhea. Exp. 2 was performed using 192 24-day-old piglets as in Exp. 1 on a different farm, which exhibited a high incidence of diarrhea. Results: In Exp. 1, fecal consistency (diarrhea) score (FCS) was less for the ZnO-2500 and SZ-200 groups than for the SZ-100 group (P < 0.05), with no difference between the SZ-100 and ZnO-100 groups. Both average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio were less for the SZ-200 group than for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference between the ZnO-100 group and SZ-100 or SZ-200 group. The villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and VH:CD ratio of the intestinal mucosa were not influenced by the treatment. In Exp. 2, FCS was lowest for the ZnO-2500 group, with no difference among the other groups. However, neither the ADG nor gain:feed ratio was influenced by the treatment. Conclusion: Results suggest that physiological SZ supplementation has less beneficial effects than pharmacological ZnO for the alleviation of diarrhea irrespective of its severity and for promoting growth without influencing their integrity of the intestinal mucosal structures with little advantage over physiological ZnO in weanling pigs with a small pen size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권11호
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• pp.1734-1744
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• 2019

Objective: In this study, two glycosidases (XMosidases), ${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase, were investigated on their in vitro hydrolysis activities of feed and on the improvement of growth performance in vivo in weanling pigs. Methods: Enzyme activities of XMosidases in vitro were evaluated in test tubes and simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion, respectively, in the presence of NSPase. In vivo study was performed in 108 weaned piglets in a 28-d treatment. Pigs were allotted to one of three dietary treatments with six replicate pens in each treatment. The three treatment groups were as follows: i) Control (basal diet); ii) CE (basal diets+CE); iii) CE-Xmosidases (basal diets+ CE+${\beta}$-xylosidase at 800 U/kg and ${\beta}$-mannosidase at 40 U/kg). CE was complex enzymes (amylase, protease, xylanase, and mannanase). Results: In vitro XMosidases displayed significant activities on hydrolysis of corn and soybean meal in the presence of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (xylanase and ${\beta}$-mannanase). In vitro simulation of gastric and small intestinal digestion by XMosidases showed XMosidases achieved $67.89%{\pm}0.22%$ of dry matter digestibility and $63.12%{\pm}0.21%$ of energy digestibility at $40^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs. In weanling pigs, additional XMosidases to CE in feed improved average daily gain, feed conversion rate (p<0.05), and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein (p = 0.01) and dry matter (p = 0.02). XMosidases also altered the gut bacterial diversity and composition by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria. Conclusion: Addition of a complex enzyme supplementation (contained xylanase, ${\beta}$-mannanase, protease and amylase), XMosidases (${\beta}$-xylosidase and ${\beta}$-mannosidase) can further improve the growth performance and nutrient digestion of young pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate pork quality from Hereford${\times}$Berkshire female and intact male pigs reared outdoors in an alternative production system. Methods: Berkshire purebred sows were artificially inseminated, once in the fall and again in the spring of the following year, with semen from Hereford boars and managed free of antibiotics in an outdoor hoop structure until the last month of pregnancy, after which they were moved to a pasture-based unit of 0.8 hectares with individual lots with a farrowing hut, shade, and water ad libitum. Piglets were weaned at 4 weeks of age and housed in a deep-bedded hoop structure, grouped by sex. Animals were harvested at market weight of 125 kg, approximately 200 days of age. Hot carcass weight was collected at the time of the harvest. After 24 hours of refrigeration, carcass characteristics were measured. Longissimus dorsi samples collected from the right side loin. Loins were cut into 2.54-cm thick chops and were used to measure marbling score, color score, drip loss, and ultimate pH. Sensory panel tests were conducted as well at North Carolina State University. For pork characteristics and sensory panel data, trial and sex were included in the statistical model as fixed effects. Hot carcass weight was included in the model as a covariate for backfat thickness. Results: Neither the subjective nor the objective color scores displayed any differences between the boars and the gilts. No difference was found for pH and marbling score between trials or sexes. Gilts had a thicker backfat measurement at the last lumbar and a narrower longissimus muscle area measurement when compared to the boars. The only difference in the sensory characteristics was found between the trials for texture and moisture scores. Conclusion: Consumers were not able to detect boar taint under the condition of this study, which is that the intact males were reared outdoors. Additional trials would be necessary; however, based on the results of the present study, outdoor rearing can be suggested as a solution to the issue of boar taint.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2019

The supplementation level of barley was limited because of high contents of fiber in monogastric animals. Barley contained high soluble fiber, thus it could prevent to diarrhea of weaning pigs. Moreover, as the barley break down by enzymes, free sugars come out from the barley, which could be used as an energy source in weaning pigs and replace milk by-products in weaning pig's diet. Therefore, present study was conducted to investigate the influence of barley to replace milk by-product in weaning pig's diet on growth performance, blood profile, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea incidence, and economic analysis in weaning pigs. A total of 112 crossbred ($[Yorkshire{\times}Landrace]{\times}Duroc$, weaned at 28 days of age) piglets were allotted to 4 treatments in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. Each treatment has 7 replications with 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were fed each treatment diet which containing different levels of barley (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) at the expense of whey powder and lactose. Three phase feeding programs were used for 6 weeks of growth trial (phase 1: 0-2 weeks; phase 2: 3-4 weeks; phase 3: 5-6 weeks). During 0-2 week, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and G:F ratio were decreased as barley level increased in the diet (linear response, p < 0.01). In blood profile, blood urea nitrogen was decreased as the barley level increased in the diet (linear, p < 0.01). However, no significant differences were observed in blood glucose level. In nutrient digestibility, crude fat digestibility was linearly increased as barley increased (linear, p < 0.01). The incidence of diarrhea was improved as increasing barley contents in all phases (linear, p < 0.01). These results demonstrated that supplementation of barley to replace milk by-product influenced negatively on growth performance during 0-2 week. However, the incidence of diarrhea and later growth performance from 3 week postweaning were improved as dietary barley level increased.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

보온막 설치가 이유자돈의 성장, 설사 발생빈도 및 혈중 호르몬과 면역성분 농도에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험 개시시부터 4주까지의 평균 일당 증체량은 대조구가 396 g인데 비해 TRT구는 425 g으로 증체 효과는 없었다(p>0.05). 2. 4주간 평균 사료섭취량은 대조구가 651g 이었고 TRT구는 698 g으로 차이가 없었으며, 사료요구율은 대조구가 1.74였는데 TRT구는 1.68로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 3. 이유시부터 2주까지의 설사 발생빈도는 대조구가 10.0인 반면 TRT구는 3.8로 낮았으나 (p<0.05), 전 기간에서는 대조구와 TRT구가 각각 28.8과 27.3으로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 4. 돈방의 최고온도는 대조구가 $27.3^{\circ}C$ 인 반면 TRT구는 $28.7^{\circ}C$ 로 $1.4^{\circ}C$ 높았고, 최저온도도 대조구가 $25.3^{\circ}C$ 였는데 TRT구는 $26.1^{\circ}C$로 $0.8^{\circ}C$ 높았다. 5. 혈중 Cortisol 농도는 대조구와 TRT구가 개시시 $6.23{\mu}g/dl$와 $4.95{\mu}g/dl$였고, 종료시에도 각각 $3.99{\mu}g/dl$와 $3.38{\mu}g/dl$로 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 이상의 결과로, 이유자돈사의 보온막 설치가 돈방의 적정온도를 유지하여 이유초기 자돈의 설사 발생 빈도를 낮추므로 농가활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 판단되며 보온막 설치기간에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2010

지열냉방시스템을 분만돈사에 적용하여 냉방효과 및 분만돈과 자돈의 생산성을 조사하였다. 처리구는 지열냉방돈사와 관행돈사로 2개로 나누였으며, 돈사당 각각 모돈 48두씩를 수용하여 하절기 4주간 시험을 실시하였다. 시험결과, 외부기온이 $33.0^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 더운 날에는 냉방을 위한 지하수 순환량이 많이 소요되어 최고기온과 지하수 순환량이 아주 밀접한 정의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 지열냉방 돈사의 온 습도 변화의 경우 최고기온은 관행돈사에 비하여 낮게 유지되고, 최저기온도 많이 떨어지지 않아 일교차가 훨씬 적었다. 미세먼지 입자가 상대적으로 큰 PM 10은 지열냉방돈사가 관행돈사에 비하여 최고 61.4% (111.1 vs 42.9) 까지 감소되었다. 그러나 작은 입자의 분진은 오히려 지열 냉방구에서 약간 높은 경향이었다. 암모니아가스 배출량의 경우 지열냉방돈사는 관행돈사에 비하여 유의하게 (p<0.05) 감소하였다. 총 3회에 걸쳐 측정된 임신돈의 호흡수는 지열냉방돈사에서 유의적으로 (p<0.05) 감소하였고, 에피네프린과 노르에피네프린 호르몬의 경우에 지열냉방돈사에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이유시 체중은 지열 냉방돈사가 관행돈사에 비하여 유의적으로 (p<0.05) 증가하였으며, 여름철 모돈의 사료 섭취량은 관행돈사에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 감소하였다. 따라서 지열냉방시스템은 여름철 분만사의 온 습도를 낮게 유지시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 분진, 암모니아 가스 발생량 빛 모돈의 호흡수 감소에 영향을 주어 모돈과 포유자돈의 생산성을 개선시킬 수 있다.