• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.112-125
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• 2010

Objectives The purpose of this study is to find the relationships between the allergy and weakness in children in Seong-Dong district. Methods 802 day care centers children were participated for survey on allergic disease, risk factors, and weakness. From the result, we analyzed the relationships between the aforementioned factors. Results 1. 802 children were participated for the survey. We eliminated survey answers with unclear answers, and selected 792 survey sheets as our final subject of study. The age of majority of subjects(720 children) were between one to six years old, and the others were under the age of one and over seven. 2. The prevalence rate of asthma in a lifetime was 6.69%, allergic rhinitis was 14.87%, atopic dermatitis was 28.82%, allergic conjunctivitis was 6.29%, food allergies was 9.58%, and drug allergies was 1.4%. In 2009, the prevalence rate of allergies during treatments is 6.69% for asthma, 13.41% for allergic rhinitis, 13.64% for atopic dermatitis, 4.13% for allergic conjunctivitis, 5.23% for food allergies, 0.96% for drug allergies. 3. The significant risk factors were types of dwelling, pet with fur, dirty environments without vacuum cleaners, the numbers of times bed covers were washed, frequency of air ventilation, changes in body after moving, family history. 4. The distribution of the number of children with weakness within the five visceras were respiratory weakness, digestive weakness, psychoneurologic weakness, neuromotor weakness, and urogenital weakness in the order of most to the least. More specifically, children who only has respiratory weakness were the majority, while children who have respiratory and digestive weaknesses, children who have respiratory, digestive, and psychoneurologic weaknesses, children who have respiratory and psychoneurologic were followed. 5. With the exception of children with urogenital weakness, Most of the children with respiratory weakness, digestive weakness, psychoneurologic weakness, and neuromotor weakness had been treated for allergies in 2009, while children who were diagnosed with allergic diseases at least once in their lifetime most likely had weak respiratory, digestive or psychoneurologic systems. Conclusions The results of this study showed that there was a correlation between children with weak viscera and children with allergic diseases. However, further research would be necessary.

• Language and Information
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.127-139
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• 2005

In this paper I investigate whether Korean-speaking children know the basic meaning of reciprocal anaphors like each other. I further examine whether they have knowledge of subtle differences in the interpretations of such anaphors depending on the two types of verbs. Fiengo and Lasnik (1973) pointed out a contrast between reciprocal sentences with active verbs and stative verbs. For example, a sentence with an active verb like The men in the room are hitting each other, has both a strong reciprocal reading (i.e., everyone of them in the room is hitting every other one) and a weak reciprocal reading (i.e., certain pairs of men are not engaged in the action of hitting each other). In contrast, a sentence with a stative verb like The men in the room know each other allows only a strong reciprocal reading (i.e., everyone of them know every other one). 16 Korean children and 15 Korean adults were tested using the Truth Value Judgment Task methodology. The results of the present study show that like English children, Korean children know the meaning of reciprocal anaphor, and that they also know the semantic difference of reciprocal sentences with active and stative verbs. Therefore, the present study strongly supports the claim that the semantic distinction of reciprocal sentences with active and stative verbs may be universal, and that children's ability of this semantic distinction might be innately given.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.10-22
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• 2016

Objectives This study is to analyze current guidelines for health check-ups in infants and children, and to develop better guidelines based on oriental medicine. Methods We analyzed The Manual of 2015's Health Examination for Infants and Children which is a Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children (K-DST). The statistics from the test was collected from 2010 to 2014 to figure out the problems of Health Examinations for Infants and Children. 20 articles from 2000 to 2014 from RISS, NDSL were also analyzed. Results The current guidelines for health examinations in infants and children didn't include major pediatric diseases such as allergy and asthma. Also, the pediatrics health education materials were mainly focused on hypernutrition but not so much on nutrition deficiency. The number of the centers for Health Examinations for Infants and Children was 52.2% of the number of NIP-Participating medical institutions for infants and children. Conclusions Oriental medicine can be useful to prevent major pediatric diseases and to promote general health in pediatrics. By legislating 'Geon-a-beop', which is a law for infants and children, we can increase the number of medical centers for infants and children to get health check-ups. Currently, there are 9,769 Korean medical institutions, and the rate of traditional medical doctors of public health doctors was 25.5%. Weak Children Questionnaire is developed, considered to be more useful when it is developed with 5-point scale rather than 2.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristic and correlation with growth and weakness of children with excessive sweating. The study was progressed in children with excessive sweating who visited Dong-Eui Oriental Medical hospital from may to june, 2003. The results were as follows: 1. The growth numerical value on height and weight of children with excessive sweating was normal range ( height: p-value=0.089 >0.05, weight: p-value= 0.622>0.05). 2. In sweating region, head and neck 46.7%, forehead 23.3%, whole body 16.7%, back 10.0%, hand and foot 3.3%. In sweating time, sleeping 53.3%, acting 20.0%, uncertainty 20.0%, eating 3.3%, tense situation 3.3%. 3. In family history of excessive sweating, 'yes' was 65.2%, 'no' was 34.8%. 4. The growth numerical value on height did not concerned with sweating region and time, but in group in 75 marks, 'head and neck' was many. 5. The growth numerical value on weight have no concern with sweating region, but sweating time(F=3.312, p-value=0.026

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.241-254
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• 2003

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sentence comprehension strategies used by Korean/English bilingual children when they listened to sentences of their first language, i.e., Korean. The framework of competition model was employed to analyze the influence of the second language, i.e., English, during comprehension of Korean sentences. The participants included 10 bilingual children (ages 7;4-13;0) and 20 Korean-speaking monolingual children(ages 5;7-6;10) with similar levels of development in Korean language as bilingual children. In an act-out procedure, the children were asked to determine the agent in sentences composed of two nouns and a verb with varying conditions of three cues (case-marker, animacy, and word-order). The results revealed that both groups of children used the case marker cues as the strongest cue among the three. The bilingual children relied on case-marker cues even more than the monolingual children. However, the bilingual children used animacy cues significantly less than the monolingual children. There were no significant differences between the groups in the use of word-order cues. The bilingual children appeared less effective in utilizing animacy cues in Korean sentence comprehension due to the backward transfer from English where the cue strength of animacy is very weak. The influence of the second language on the development of the first language in bilingual children was discussed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the clinical and metabolic determinants of circulating soluble leptin receptor (CSLR) and free leptin index (FLI) in pre-pubertal obese male children. Methods: We conducted a preliminary cross-sectional study at three tertiary hospitals and one public primary school. Eighty obese male children without growth and developmental abnormalities aged 5-9 years were recruited. In these children, obesity was solely caused by excessive food intake, and not by acute illness, medications, endocrine abnormalities, or any syndrome. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, carbohydrate intake, fat intake, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, low density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance are the potential determinants for leptin regulation, which is represented by CSLR level and FLI. Results: Carbohydrate was the main source of energy. BMI and body fat mass had negative weak correlation with CSLR and positive weak correlation with FLI. Furthermore, carbohydrate intake was found to be independently associated with CSLR based on the results of the multiple linear regression analysis. Following an increase in carbohydrate intake, CSLR level decreased progressively without any negative peak. Conclusion: Leptin regulation in prepubertal obese male children is associated with body composition and dietary intake. Carbohydrate intake is useful for predicting CSLR. Lipid profiles and insulin resistance are not related to both CSLR and FLI. Treatment and prevention of leptin resistance in obese children should focus on reducing BMI, fat mass, and carbohydrate intake.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2009

This study investigated whether children's self-control and sense of humor could moderate negative effects of daily hassles on their school adjustment. Subjects of this study were 880 6th graders (468 boys, 412 girls) in the Seoul metropolitan area. Children reported their daily hassles, school adjustment, self-control, and sense of humor on questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis, and moderated regression analysis. Results showed that children who experienced less daily hassles, had higher self-control, and higher sense of humor were well-adjusted in their schools. Children's self-control and sense of humor moderated negative effects of daily hassles on school adjustment of children, although the moderate effect was weak.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.524-530
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• 2002

To evaluate the role of obesity and nutrient intake on serum IGF-1 and serotonin levels in 80 elementary school children (aged 10. 8 yr, 47 boys, 33 girls), we investigated the anthropometric data and the nutrient intake by questionnaries including food daily record, and measured serum IGF-1 and serotonin using RIA and HPLC F-1050 respectively. We obtained the following results by obesity index (underweight-, normal-, obese group). The protein intake of normal group was higher than the others (p < 0.05). The underweight and obese groups had snacks more often than the normal group. The obese group preferred‘cookies’and‘fries’more than the other groups. The serum serotonin levels showed weak correlation with fat (r = 0.315, p < 0.01), fiber (${\gamma}$ = 0.280, p < 0.05) and energy intake (r = 0.242, p < 0.05), but no differences in anthropometric data by obesity index. The serum IGF-1 level was significantly correlated height (r = 0.649, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.437, p < 0.001) and hip (r = 0.417, p < 0.001), but showed weak correlation with energy intake (r = 0.232, p < 0.05) and carbohydrate intake (r = 0.244, p < 0.05). In this study, we could see only partly correlation among the serum IGF-1 and serotonin and obesity and nutrient intake. Forker research is required into consideration of the essential role of these hormones during a growth period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate eating behaviors of preschool children for development their snack. Eating habit, preference and nutritional state were investigated using a questionnaire answered by teachers of day-care centers, 548 preschool children(aged 4 to 6 years old) and their mothers. It was found that 93.6% of subjects thought children need to eat snacks not only at day-care center but also at home. For children, snacks clearly played an important role in dietary nutritional intake The frequency and rate of consuming Milk as snack were high$(1.51\;times\;per\;a\;day,\;459.8{\mu}l)$, 53.2% of calcium intake from Milk. The most favorite snack foods of children were fresh fruits, milk, yoghurt, juice. The correlation between frequency of eating food as snack and children's preference for food was low; because choosing food as children's snack was not by themselves but by their mothers and teachers, and variety of food(a taste, kinds) as snack was very weak. Subjects showed rather dissatisfactory view about commercial snack, and wanted new development of nutritionally balanced and natural-tasted snack for preschool children; they preferred dducks, biscuits and snacks as the form of newly-developed snack for preschool children.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

Objectives Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days is one of Oriental medical prophylaxis to prevent winter diseases over the summer. The research has been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days. Methods We visited one kindergarten in Dog-Days of 2011, and the subjects were 72 children (38 boys, 34 girls, $58.24{\pm}12.28$ months, 37-105 months). 72 children were attached Socheongo to BL-13, BL-15, BL-17 for 4-6 hours. Exacerbating effect or non-improvement in respiratory symptoms before and after the treatment were nullified. Results 31 children (43.1%) have shown positive effect in Socheongo, with no significant differences among the groups. There were significant improvements in Socheongo group in frequency of having cold, duration and visits; duration under tonsillitis, frequency of having otitis media, duration and visits (P<0.05). Lung weak score also had significant decrease in the three times Socheongo group, from $11.27{\pm}5.61$ to $9.90{\pm}4.66$ (P=0.030). Side effects has been reported in Socheongo group; 7 erythema (9.7%), 2 heating (2.8%), 9 pruritis (12.5%), 2 vesicle (2.8%), 13 scar (18.1%). Conclusions Acupoint sticking in Dog-Days improves lung weak symptoms such as common cold, tonsilitis, and otitis media in children older than three years old, throughout the three times of the treatment. However, the ways to reduce the side effects are needed.