• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

최근 국제법에 의해 하수처리장에서 발생되는 슬러지의 해양투기가 금지됨에 따라 하수처리 과정 중 발생된 슬러지의 처리방법이 문제가 되고 있다. 일반적으로 하수 및 슬러지는 혐기성조건에서 최종처리되며, 이과정 중 메탄$(CH_{4})$ 및 아산화질소$(N_{2}O)$가 배출되어 하수처리장은 지구온난화가스의 배출원으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 하수처리장에서 발생하는 지구온난화 가스 배출량을 고려할 필요가 있으며, 지구온난화 가스 배출을 최소화할 수 있는 최적의 하수처리 공정 및 슬러지처리에 대한연구 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주요생물학적 하수처리공정에 따른 온실가스 발생량 및 슬러지 배출량을 계산하며, 이에 따라 온실가스 배출을 최소화하는 하수 및 슬러지처리방법을 제시하고자 한다. 생물학적 하수처리공정으로는 Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxidation$(A_{2}O)$, Bardenpho, Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP), University of Cape Town(UCT)을 이용하였으며, 동력학적 하수처리모델링 프로그램인 GPS-X를 이용해 본 공정의 모델링을 수행하였다. 이를 바탕으로 하수처리과정에서 발생하는 온실가스 및 슬러지 배출량을 계산하며, 이를 통해 온실가스 배출을 최소화하는 공정을 선택하였다. 온실가스 및 슬러지 배출량은 2006 IPCC 가이드라인에서 제시한 식을 통해 계산되었다. 또한 다양한 슬러지 처리 시나리오(퇴비화, 소각, 매립)에 대한 환경성평가를 수행하였으며, 이를 통해 각 시나리오의 결과를 하나의 지표로써 비교 평가하였다. 본 연구결과, 4가지 하수처리공법 중 Bardenpho 공법에서 환경성이 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났으며, 슬러지 처리 시나리오 중 퇴비화가 온실가스를 가장 적게 배출하였다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.58-69
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• 2012

As the meaning of dictionary terminology, scum refers to a layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid. In papermaking process, scum indicates the floated solid waste generated by a flotation process during the primary wastewater treatment. In this study, different kinds of stocks and scums collected from newspaper, liner, tissue and fine paper were analysed in details. The purpose of this study was firstly to demonstrate the composition characteristics of different sources of scum, secondly the analysis of environmental hazardous materials, and thirdly the evaluation of reutilization ability of fibrous materials from collected scum. As mentioned the meaning of solid waste, scum was actually differ from the waste sludge in sources, compositions and recycling abilities. In the same manner of waste paper, the sludge which is generated within onsite of papermaking processes would be reused as a raw material. The general compositions of scum from waste water were mainly inorganic ash materials, fine fibre fractions, recycled fibre debries, and ink particles. If the scum is able to reuse as fibrous additives in papermaking process, it could contribute to the savings of running costs in both the subsidiaries of fibrous material and the solid waste treatment with even small quantity.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.525-532
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate capability of dyeing wastewater treatment for 3 type reactors. These reactors were Packed Bed Reactor(PBR), Fluidized Bed reactor(FBR) and Moving Media Complete Mixing Activated Sludge reactor(MMCMAS). Experiments of PBR and FBR were performed by various packing ratios and organic loading rates, experiments of MMCMAS were performed by various organic loading rates. In order to obtain ${SBOD}_5$ removal efficiencies of more than 90%, the F/Mv ratios of PBR, FBR, MMCMAS were 0.11 kgBOD/kgMLVSS$\cdot$d, 0.12 kgBOD/kgMLVSS$\cdot$d, and 0.37 kgBOD/kgMLSS$\cdot$d, respectively. So MMCMAS system which has more active microorganisms showed better capability of organic removal and also stronger dynamic and shock loadings than those of PBR and FBR. In PBR and FBR, the media packing ratio of 20% showed better performance of organic matters removal effciencies than 10% and 30%, but sludge production rate at media packing ratio of 30% was relatively lower than that of 10% and 20%. When more than 90% organic matters removal efficiency was obtained, the ratios of attached biomass to total biomass at PBR, FBR, MMCMAS were 89~99%, 87~98%, and 54~80%, respectively. The ratio of attached biomass to total biomass was low in MMCMAS. This was formation of thin biofilm due to shear force between rotaing disc and water. The average sludge production rates(kgVSS/kgBODrem.) of PBR, FBR and MMCMAS were 0.20, 0.29 and 0.54, respectively.

• 청정기술
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2009

본 연구는 하수슬러지 탄화물과 활성화제의 화학적 활성화반응을 이용한 활성탄 제조공정을 다루고 있다. 일반적으로 활성화제로는 알칼리 약품을 이용하는데 본 연구에서는 탄소와 활성화반응이 잘 이루어지는 KOH와 NaOH를 사용하였다. 실험결과, KOH로 제조된 활성탄이 NaOH로 제조된 활성탄보다 요오드 흡착력과 비표면적(BET) 등의 물성이 우수하였다. 하수슬러지 탄화물과 활성화제의 최적 침적비율은 KOH 75 wt%, NaOH 50 wt%임을 알 수 있었다. 5 M 염산용액으로 세척하여 중화시킨 후 증류수로 세정하는 활성탄 세정방법을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 최적 실험조건에서 하수슬러지 탄화물을 이용하여 제조된 활성탄의 경우 BET표면적 값이 약 $600m^2/g$에 이르렀다.

• 청정기술
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2002

제지슬러지를 지렁이에게 급이하여 생산된 분변토의 하 폐수 고도처리용 담체로의 적용 가능성에 대하여 알아보았다. 먼저 폐수를 일반 활성슬러지법으로 운전한 후 이를 담체와 유입수의 조건을 달리하여 영양 염류의 제거 효율을 알아보았다. 담체를 적용하기 전엔 T-P및 T-N의 제거율은 각각 평균 52%와 31%정도로 나타났다. Pellet 형 및 pack 형으로 제조된 두 종류의 분변토 담체를 적용한 후에는 T-P의 경우는 제거효율이 약 1.3~1.4배 증가하였으며 T-N의 제거효율은 약 1.9 ~ 2.0 배 증가하여 상당히 뛰어난 영양염류의 제거 효율을 보여주었다. 또한, T-N 및 T-P의 제거효율은 담체의 종류에는 큰 영향을 받지 않아 다양한 미생물이 서식하는 분변토는 성형 방법에 관계없이 뛰어난 성능을 보임을 알 수 있었다. 반면, 담체 적용 전후의 BOD 및 COD의 제거 효율은 큰 차이가 없었다. 본 연구를 통하여 분변토로 제조된 담체는 하 폐수 고도처리용 담체로의 활용 가능성이 매우 높은 것으로 사료된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1999

The microbial organisms named "Pseudomonas sp. LK-14" were isolated from farm land and shallow river sediment, activated, augmented and identified; which were using 2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) as a sole carbon source and energy source. 2,4-D removal efficiency of LK-14 with 2,4-D sole carbon source (reactor S) were higher than that of Activated Sludge with 2,4-D sole carbon source (reactor A). Dynamic bioligical reaction kinetic parameters (sole carbon source was 2,4-D) obtained from batch reactor experiments were ${\mu}_{max}$ $0.105hr^{-1}$, $K_{s,24D}$ 15.64mg/L, $K_{i,24D}$ $1.94h^{r-1}$, $Y_{24D}$ 0.39 for LK-14 and ${\mu}_{max}$ $0.008hr^{-1}$, $K_{s,24D}$ 26.95mg/L, $K_{i,24D}$ $1.75hr^{-1}$, $Y_{24D}$ 0.10 for Activated Sludge. Using these parameters, we could predict the behaviors of 2,4-D substrate utilized by LK-14 and Activated Sludge in batch reactors. The kinetic parameters are enable to predict the 2,4-D substrate and microbial population behavior entering into wastewater treatment plants by using unsteady states dynamic simulation modeling technique.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.897-905
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• 2012

Based on the activated sludge model, a simple aerobic digestion model which represents the aerobic sludge digestion by sequencing batch reactor(SBR) equipped with ultrasonicator was composed and performed in this study. The results are as follows. Aerobic digestion efficiency can be increased by adopting ultrasonic pretreatment. For the 5 days of SRT, 24 % of particulate component is predicted to be removed by ultrasonic pretreatment and aerobic digestion. This is 7 %p higher than that of conventional aerobic digestion. A Hybrid SBR aerobic digestion combined with ultrasonication shows higher digestion efficiency than aerobic digestion and ultrasonic pretreatment system. In case of this hybrid system, the digestion efficiency was predicted up to 49 % when the ultrasonication was performed every 2 hours, repeatedly. However, excessive treatment like every hours of ultrasonication in an aerobic digestion process results in adverse effect on TCOD removal because biomass disintegrated completely and the solubilized COD can not be used for the biomass synthesis again.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2007

From the view point of biological wastewater treatment, C/N ratio is one of the most important factor in biological nutrient removal process. However, municipal sewage in Korea is characterized by extremely low content of carbon source and relatively higher portion of N source. Accordingly, it is necessary to dose external carbon source in order to obtain higher degree of carbon source within the process. In this study, the effects of pH pretreatment as an alternative plan for increasing carbon source on the cell disruption and COD solubility of waste activated sludge were conducted under well defined experimental conditions. During 5 hours, the value of COD solubilization rate ($S_R$) at pH 11.5 is approximately 4.4 times higher than the value of $S_R$ at pH 9.5. It is expected that the level of SCOD increased due to the result from cell disruption. However, VSS/TSS ratio was not significantly changed after 5 hours. As Alkalinity changes gradually from less than 15, 30 and 60 meq NaOH/L, average RBCOD/SCOD fraction showed 34, 36 and 45%,respectively.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.147-153
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• 2018

This study investigates the role of microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) as bioflocculants to harvest microalgae (water-microalgae separation). The EPS extracted from waste activated sludge (WAS) by heat extraction were fractionated into soluble EPS (S-EPS), loosely-bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly-bound EPS (TB-EPS) forms. All the EPSs facilitated the flocculation of microalgal cells from stable growth medium. Of those EPSs, the TB-EPS showed the highest flocculating activity (FA) resulting in the substantial decrease in the amount of EPS added in terms of total organic carbon (TOC) during flocculation. The FA of microalgae was improved with the increase in TB-EPS dose, however, excessive dose of TB-EPS adversely affected it due to destabilization. Both LB- and TB-EPS could be utilized for flocculating microalgae as a sustainable option to the existing chemical-based flocculants. In addition to the conventional assessments, the effectiveness of the two bioflocculants for floc forming was also confirmed using a novel assessment of lens-free shadow imaging technique (LSIT), which was firstly applied for the rapid and quantitative assessment of microalgal flocculation.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.482-491
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• 2006

The anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) from substrates with various $NO_2-N$ and $NH_4-N$ concentationes, which were generated from piggery waste was accomplished by using anaerobic granular sludge as seeding sludge. As the result of operation, when $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios of ANAMMOX influent were 0.6~1.5, $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios were exhibited 1.19~2.07 (average 1.63). The higher influent $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ ratios resulted in higher $NO_2-N/NH_4-N$ removal ratios by ANAMMOX. It means that $NO_2-N$ concentration is very important factor in ANAMMOX. Specific ammonium removal rate was constantly as $0.03{\sim}0.04gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $35^{\circ}C$ while it was $0.01gNH_4-N/g$ VSS-day at $20{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. Thus, in order to reduce the effluent N concentration, either an increase of ANAMMOX reactor HRT or more biomass accumulation at the optimal temperature can be considered.