• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.641-650
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• 2008

This paper reviews the infrastructure of the water supply and sewerage system in North Korea. North Korean has similar legal protection to preserve water environment that can be seen in Republic of Korea, but North Korean regulations seemed lack of detailed measures. The critical pollution problems of rivers and lakes in the northern part of peninsula is mainly due to the lack of sewage collection system and poor treatment works. It has been estimated that less than 20% of sewers are connected to the wastewater treatment plants. Although the availability of water resources seemed sufficient, North Koreans suffer the lack of the drinking water supply which needs an urgent attention. Based on the analysis, it has been suggested that the reconstruction of North Korean water and sewage infrastructure needs at least 17.5 trillion Korean Won.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.378-383
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• 2011

The policy of total maximum daily load (TMDL) was adopted to manage water pollutants so as to keep the total amount of pollutants in the watersheds within established target water quality. While the TMDL was implemented in all four major river basins, various problems occurred. Even though the corrections for problems were conducted, the role between central and local government was not established exactly. This study was presented to suggest a role between central and local governments for effective implementation of TMDL. When the central government establishes the environmental criteria with water quality standards and pollutants in the main rivers, the local government should establish the level of target pollutants in the watershed. Also, the local government should be continuously implementing the water quality and flowrate monitoring of the tributaries to find out the degree of water quality improvement in the tributaries. Especially, the basic plan of TMDL for the whole watershed should be established by the river basin environmental office at the central government. The local government should be established the implementation plan of TMDL for the watershed where exceeds the established target water quality. The performance assessment of TMDL should be implemented every year to the water quality and flowrate monitoring of the tributaries for satisfaction assessment of target water quality in the watershed by the lower-lever government. The performance assessment report of TMDL included with an analysis of causes for the excess water quality in the watershed should be submitted to the river basin environmental office at the end of the TMDL planning period.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.757-767
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• 2006

Biological assessments are the primary tool for evaluating the biological condition of a water body and makes it possible to understand accumulative and long-term effect of stressors. They also provide reliable biological information for which disturbed systems are to be restored. Sustainable water environment is not enough with attaining only the clean water, but it should sustain healthy and diverse aquatic life. Aquatic organisms are affected by various factors, including not only water quality but also habitat condition and stressors, and thus good condition of both physical and chemical water quality is prerequisite for sustaining healthy organisms. Therefore, biological assessment, along with other physical and chemical assessments, are crucial for evaluating the health of a water body. Overall, sustainability of water environment demands the attainment and maintenance of ecological integrity, which is resulted from the combination of physical, chemical and biological integrity. The biological criteria will play very important role in the water resource management and policy issues, and thus bioassessment program should be fully implemented and supported eventually by the law. To keep ecosystem health of water environment safely from the toxic pollutants and other stressors, the following suggestions need to be considered in environmental quality standards in Korea. For the first step, the biological indicators need to be introduced in evaluating river quality condition; they provide a qualitative description of biological condition of water body. Secondly, the biological water quality standards using biotic indices should be developed and implemented under the consideration of characteristics of Korean river systems. Lastly, the ecological status classification regime (ESCR) should be developed and introduced; it could be used in quality assessment of the water environment in general. In developing ESCR, integration of physico-chemical, biological, and habitat parameters should be taken into account.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.517-525
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• 2009

The water quality of Lake Shihwa had been rapidly deteriorating since 1994 due to wastewater input from the watersheds, limited water circulation and the lack of a wastewater treatment policy. In 2000, the government decided to open the tidal embankment and make a comprehensive management plan to improve the water quality, especially inflowing stream water around Shihwa and Banwol industrial complex. However, the water quality and microbial community have not as yet been fully evaluated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influent water quality around the industrial area based on chemical and biological analysis, and collected surface water sample from the Siheung Stream, up-stream to down-stream through the industrial complex, Samples were collected in July 2009. The results show that the downstream site near the industrial complex had higher concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Mg, and Zn) and organic matter than upstream sites. A combination of DGGE (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis) gels, lists of K-WQI (Korean Water Quality Index), cluster analysis, MDS (Multi-Dimensional Scaling) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) has demonstrated clear clustering between Siheung stream 3 and 4 and with a high similarity and detected metal reducing bacteria (Shewanella spp.) and biodegrading bacteria (Acinetobacter spp.). These results suggest that use of both chemical and microbiological marker would be useful to fully evaluate the water quality.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.569-575
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• 2015

The current Total Pollution Load Control (TPLC) sets the Target Water Quality (TWQ) by utilizing the delivery ratio, unit loads, and water quality modeling, it also allocates the watershed's permitted discharge load. Currently, common target pollutants of every unit watershed in TPLC are BOD and T-P. This study has reviewed the 1th and 2th of TWQ setting process for the Nakdong River 3th TWQ setting in Total Pollution Load Control (TPLC). As a result of review, 1th and 2th were divided into one management basin (mulgeum) for setting management goals. However, 3th was divided into six management basins (mulgeum, gnagjeong, geumho river, nam river, miryang river, end of nakdong river). The principle of management goal setting were to achieve the objective criteria of Medium Areas for the linkage of the water environment management policy. And Anti-Degredation (principle of preventing deterioration) were applied to the 3th TWQ. Also, additional indicators were considered in accordance with the reduction scenarios for the final management goals.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.509-514
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• 2015

Indicators of environmental conditions qualitatively and quantitatively describe the state of the environment and natural resources, and the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) has initiated and suggested AEIs (Agri-Environmental Indicators) to assess trends over time of the effects of agriculture on the environment and the effectiveness and efficiency of agricultural and environmental policy measures since 1990's. This study aims to develop the state indicators of water quality for agricultural water, surface and groundwater, to evaluate the environmental impacts of agricultural activities and policies by qualifying the environmental levels of a nation. Status indicators were calculated according to the agricultural water quality standards of OECD and Korea, and their trends were analyzed over time. Particularly, nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$) status indicators of ground water in 2013 were significantly lower than the ones in 2000. Overall, the water quality indicators of surface water in 2013 were higher than the ones in 2012, except for pH and DO. The groundwater quality indicators in 2013 were lower than those of previous years. The optimal management indicators were calculated to assess agricultural surface water and groundwater quality. The findings of this study indicated that the state indicators could play a significant role to establish policies and procedures for managing and conserving water resources. This study also discussed water pollution caused by agricultural and industrial effluents.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2011.07a
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• pp.1402-1403
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• 2011

Photovoltaic solar energy policy in the keynote of the world in the development of new technologies in terms of renewable energy sources has been a great interest. Solar energy is the energy density, low light intensity, temperature, and a lot of areas affected by the difference, the effective use difficult. For the installation of photovoltaic solar power systems to develop farmland or forest land resulting from deforestation has become such a problem. In this paper, a way to resolve these issues as part of the development of the reservoir water through the efficient use of land and water resources through the eco-friendly energy production, water quality improvement, the cooling effect of solar modules, solar water system has the advantage of was installed. Terrestrial solar systems installed under the same conditions and solar radiation, power, module temperature, ambient temperature and analyzed. Through this award to demonstrate the effectiveness of the solar system is.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.61-80
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• 2011

Through concentrated investments in environmental regulations centered around BOD, which is a biodegradable matter index, and basic environmental infrastructures, national BOD pollution level has continuously improved. Nonetheless, limitations of BOD management system has become evident through nation-wide stagnation and/or increases of refractory organic matters, such as COD, at main drinking water sources, and the need for a new index, which can easily indicate different environmental conditions, has increased. Therefore, this study suggests a new organic management index for a proper management of surface water. $COD_{Cr}$ and TOC were examined as candidates for surface water quality management index, and it was found that TOC was more appropriate than $COD_{Cr}$ as an organic matter management index. Through this study, it was found that TOC possesses following qualities: a more representative index; international acceptability; monitoring program is easier; better availability of analysis techniques; better accuracy and precision of analysis; less time required for analysis; ease of operation; management of disinfection byproducts; connection with present policies; existence of foreign and domestic application case studies; and correlation with water ecosystem.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2008

This paper double-bound dichotomous choice method as a contingent valuation methods is used to derive willingness to pay for the water quality at the Anyangcheon watershed. The linear random utility model show that value of improvement of the Anyangcheon watershed water quality is 4,930 won per house and month of the Seoul and Gyeong-gi area residents. There is no difference between Seoul and Gyeong-gi area residents. Respondents overall accepted the contingent market and were willing to contribute a significant amount (3,860 to 5,101 won), on average, per household per month. The aggregate value of the water quality improvement in the Anyangcheon watershed amounts to approximately 83.0 to 109.7 billion won per year. This study is expected to contribute to the decision-making process for policy-makers by providing useful methodological framework and quantitative information related to watershed improvement projects.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.47-74
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 낙동강 하구의 대포천에서의 주민운동을 분석하여 지역사회가 주도하는 환경운동이 특정 조건이 충족된다면 성공적인 환경관리를 할 수 있는 대안이 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 지역사회기반 환경보호(Community-Based Environmental Protection)는 다양한 명칭으로 표현되고 있으나 지역주민의 주도 하에서 환경보호 및 개선을 이룩하는 것으로 지속가능한 사회를 달성할 수 있는 유용한 환경관리 방안으로 이론적인 지지를 받고 있다. 이 방법은 정부의 강압적인 규제보다 효과적일 수 있으며 지역사회의 다양한 욕구와 환경문제를 동시에 고려하게 되는 장점도 있다. 그러나 이러한 지역기반환경운동이 실재 전개되어 성공하는 경우는 흔하지 않다. 그런데 낙동강 하류의 대포천 사례는 지역주민의 환경규제반대운동이 결국에는 주민의 자발적인 수질개선운동으로 발전하여 실질적인 수질개선효과를 창출하였다. 뿐만 아니라 낙동강특별법의 제정 시에 제도화되어 수질환경정책의 발전에도 기여한 특별한 사례이다. 본 연구는 대포천 사례를 우리나라 수질관리정책의 종합적인 체계와 연계시켜서 살펴보면서 대포천 인근지역주민의 수질개선운동의 단계적 전개과정을 살펴보고 이 운동이 성공할 수 있었던 요인을 분석하고 있다.