• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2007

The uncertainty in water quality model predictions is inevitably high due to natural stochasticity, model uncertainty, and parameter uncertainty. An integrated modeling system under uncertainty was described and demonstrated for use in watershed management and receiving-water quality prediction. A watershed model (HSPF), a receiving water quality model (WASP), and a wetland model (NPS-WET) were incorporated into an integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) and applied to the Hwaseong Reservoir watershed. Reservoir water quality was predicted using the calibrated integrated modeling system, and the deterministic integrated modeling output was useful for estimating mean water quality given future watershed conditions and assessing the spatial distribution of pollutant loads. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate the effect of various uncertainties on output prediction. Without pollution control measures in the watershed, the concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P) in the Hwaseong Reservoir, considering uncertainty, would be less than about 4.8 and 0.26 mg 4.8 and 0.26 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, with 95% confidence. The effects of two watershed management practices, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a constructed wetland (WETLAND), were evaluated. The combined scenario (WWTP + WETLAND) was the most effective at improving reservoir water quality, bringing concentrations of T-N and T-P in the Hwaseong Reservoir to less than 3.54 and 0.15 mg ${L^{-1}$, 26.7 and 42.9% improvements, respectively, with 95% confidence. Overall, the Monte Carlo simulation in the integrated modeling system was practical for estimating uncertainty and reliable in water quality prediction. The approach described here may allow decisions to be made based on probability and level of risk, and its application is recommended.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.445-460
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to construct and assess the applicability of the EFDC model for Saemangeum Reservoir as a 3D hydrodynamic and water quality modeling tool that is necessary for the effective management of water quality and establishment of conservation measures. The model grids for both reservoir system only and reservoir-ocean system were created using the most recent survey data to compare the effects of different downstream boundary conditions. The model was applied for the simulations of temperature, salinity, water quality variables including chemical oxygen demand (COD), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), phosphorus and nitrogen species and algal biomass, and validated using the field data obtained in 2008. Although the model reasonably represented the temporal and spatial variations of the state variables in the reservoir with limited boundary forcing data, the salinity level was underestimated in the middle and upstream of the reservoir when the flow data were used at downstream boundaries; Sinsi and Garyuk Gates. In turn, the error caused to increase the bias of water quality simulations, and inaccurate simulation of density flow regime of river inflow during flood events. It is likely because of the loss of momentum of sea water intrusion at downstream boundaries. In contrast to flow boundary conditions, the mixing between sea water and freshwater was well reproduced when open water boundary condition was applied. Thus, it is required to improve the downstream boundary conditions that can accommodate the real operations of the sluice gates.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.187-196
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• 2017

To ensure hygienic safety of drinking water in a water storage tank, the concentrations of residual chlorine should be above a certain regulation level. In this study, we conducted model simulations to investigate the effects of temperature on residual chlorine in water storage tank conditions typically used in Seoul. For this, values of model parameters (decomposition rate constant, sorption coefficient, and evaporation mass transfer coefficient) were experimentally determined from laboratory experiments. The model simulations under continuous flow conditions showed that the residual chlorine concentrations were satisfied the water quality standard level (0.1 mg/L) at all the temperature conditions ($5^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$). Meanwhile, when the tanks had a no flow condition (i.e., no tap-water influent due to a sudden shut-down), the concentrations became lower than the regulatory level after certain periods. The findings from this modeling works simulating Seoul's water storage tanks suggested disappearance rate of residual chlorine could be reduced through the tanks design optimization with maintenance of low water temperature, minimization of air flow and volume, suppression of dispersion and the use of wall materials with low sorption ability.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.707-720
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• 2011

호소의 경우, 장기간 수류의 체류현상이 발생하는데, 특히, 수심방향의 수층에 따른 호소 내 수류와 수질 문제는 하천에서의 수질 문제와 다르다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 호소 수체 내의 수류와 수질을 시간에 따라 모의할 수 있는 3차원 비정상 상태의 수질모형을 적용하는 것이 유리하다고 할 수 있다. 3차원 모형은 댐이나 호소에서 수심방향으로 수층을 구분하여 수질모의가 가능하고 보다 신뢰성 있는 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 3차원 모형인 EFDC를 이용하여 섬진강 댐의 운암호에 대한 수질 모의를 실시하였다. GIS기반의 강우-유출 모형인 HEC-GeoHMS와 HEC-HMS를 이용하여 장기유출량을 산정하고, 관측된 수위, 기상, 수온, 총 질소, 총 인에 대하여 입력 자료를 구축하였으며, EFDC 모형 적용을 위해 수심을 3개의 층으로 구분하고 5,634개의 격자를 추출하여 격자망을 구성한 후 운암호 내의 수질 변화를 시공간적으로 모의하였다. 장기유출 모의 결과 전체적으로 실제 유출량을 잘 반영한 것으로 나타났으며, 수질 모의를 통해 오염원 인자들에 따른 거동특성을 확인할 수 있었고 모의 수질은 관측 수질을 적절히 반영하는 것으로 판단된다. EFDC는 적절한 수질모의가 가능할 것으로 판단되며 향후 상수원의 취수 및 관리 대책 수립 등을 위한 지원을 기초도구로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction level and to analyze the factors in the environment friendly consolidation canals. In this study, the survey consists of four parts, such as the actual status of environment friendly canals, satisfaction level for each items, overall satisfaction level and the personal features of the users. Total 128 samples out of 140 respondents were used for the final analysis. Analysis of the satisfaction level were fulfilled to survey results such as the basic statistics and the correlations of variables, in addition, dispersion analysis for two user groups were carried out. Function of canal, water quality, landscape, and convenience facilities were chosen as independent variables in the model. Residents in Yeoju area were satisfied with water quality, water quantity and the function of canal. And residents of Yeonggwang area were satisfied with the convenience facilities and the function of the newly consolidated canal.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.1069-1078
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• 2013

울산시의 주요 생활용수공급댐인 사연댐 상류 수몰지역 내에 국보 285호인 반구대 암각화가 위치하고 있다. 표고 53~57 m에 위치한 암각화 보존을 위한 여러 가지 방안 중, 사연댐 수위를 60 m에서 52 m로 낮추어 물 밖으로 끄집어내는 안이 주로 검토되어 왔다. 댐의 수위를 인위적으로 조절하는 경우 저수량 및 용수공급량 감소와 더불어 부영양화로 인해 수질이 나빠지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 사연댐 수위조절에 따른 수질악화로 댐의 기능상실과 수질변화로 인해 예상되는 여러 가지 문제점을 검토하였다. Vollenweider 모델과 CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor) 모델을 이용하여 수위조절시 변화가 예측되는 대표적인 수질지표인 BOD 및 COD 그리고 조류성장의 주 원인이 되는 총인과 총질소의 농도변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과 사연댐의 수위를 60 m에서 52 m로 조절하는 경우, COD의 농도는 약간 낮아지지만 총질소와 총인은 약 130% 이상 농도가 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 변화는 심각한 조류문제를 일으킬 수 있으며, 사연댐의 수질관리를 영양염류의 농도를 대상으로 하는 경우 수질이 악화되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.866-881
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• 2012

Han River is a complex water system consisting of many lakes. The water quality of Lake Paldang is significantly affected by incoming flows, which are the South and North branches of the Han River, and the Kyungan Stream. In order to manage the water quality of the Lake Paldang, we should consider the entire water body where the incoming flows are included. The objectives of this study are to develop an integrated river and lake modeling system for Han River system using a multidimensional dynamic model and evaluate the model's performance against field measurement data. The integrated model was calibrated and verified using field measurement data obtained in 2007 and 2008. The model showed satisfactory performance in predicting temporal variations of water level, flow rate and temperature. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for water temperature simulation were $0.88{\sim}2.13^{\circ}C$ (calibration period) and $1.05{\sim}2.00^{\circ}C$ (verification period) respectively. And Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) for water temperature simulation were 1089~0.98 (calibration period) and 0.90~0.98 (verification period). Utilizing the validated model, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distributions of temperature within Han River system. The variations of temperature along the river reaches and vertical thermal profiles for each lakes were effectively simulated with developed model. The suggested modeling system can be effectively used for integrated water quality management of water system consisting of many rivers and lakes.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.673-682
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• 2014

A watershed model was constructed using Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran to predict the water temperature at major tributaries of Nakdong River basin, Korea. Water temperature is one of the most fundamental indices used to determine the nature of an aquatic environment. Most processes of an aquatic environment such as saturation level of dissolved oxygen, the decay rate of organic matter, the growth rate of phytoplankton and zooplankton are affected by temperature. The heat flux to major reservoirs and tributaries was analyzed to simulate water temperature accurately using HSPF model. The annual mean heat flux of solar radiation was estimated to $150{\sim}165W/m^2$, longwave radiation to $-48{\sim}-113W/m^2$, evaporative heat loss to $-39{\sim}-115W/m^2$, sensible heat flux to $-13{\sim}-22W/m^2$, precipitation heat flux to $2{\sim}4W/m^2$, bed heat flux to $-24{\sim}22W/m^2$ respectively. The model was calibrated at major reservoir and tributaries for a three-year period (2008 to 2010). The deviation values (Dv) of water temperature ranged from -6.0 to 3.7%, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency(NSE) of 0.88 to 0.95, root mean square error(RMSE) of $1.7{\sim}2.8^{\circ}C$. The operational water temperature forecasting results presented in this study were in good agreement with measured data and had a similar accuracy with model calibration results.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.419-429
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• 2023

본 연구의 목적은 미래 기후변화에 따른 담수호의 종합적 수자원 관리를 위하여, 이수-치수-수질을 모두 고려한 평가지표를 설정하고, 로버스트 의사결정 기법을 활용하여 담수호 관리수위 별 변화를 분석하고 평가하는데 있다. 기후변화에 따른 유입량 변화와 이에 따른 호소 수문, 수질 변화를 모의하기 위해 유역-호소 연계모델을 활용하였다. 관리수위는 -1.7 El.m부터 0.3 El.m 까지 5개의 대안을 설정하고 ACCESS-CM2 a Global Climate Model의 SSP1, 2, 3, 5 시나리오에 따른 변화를 평가하였다. 로버스트 의사결정을 위해 기간신뢰도 기반 이수-치수-수질 지표를 성과지표로 산정하고, 후회도를 결정지표로 최소의 최대후회도를 가지는 대안을 산정하고자 하였다. 대안 별 평가 결과 -1.2 El. m가 최적 관리수위로 산정되었다. 관리수위를 높게 설정할수록 치수적 실패에 낮게 설정할수록 이수적 실패에 가까워지는 것으로 나타났으며, SSP5 시나리오에서 가장 많은 실패가 발생하였다. 수질 부문에서는 관리수위를 상승시킬수록 저수지 체적 증가로 수질 변화가 적게 나타났으며, 낮출수록 수질 변화가 크게 나타났다. 하지만 현재 담수호의 수질 상태가 좋지 않아 관리수위를 상승시켜 수질 변화가 적었을 때 실패가 더 자주 발생하였다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2002

The wetland is a biologically integrated system consisting of water, soil, bacteria, plants, and animals. The wetland helps sustain the ecosystem, control the micro-climate and flood, maintain the ground water level, and provide fishing grounds. From the environmental standpoint, the wetland plays a vital role in reducing water pollution by filtering out sand and other polluted matters, producing oxygen, absorbing chemicals and nutrients. For these reasons, interest in restoring the wetlands has been steadily increasing. Artificial wetland, which is also referred to as created wetland or constructed wetland, is an alternative to natural wetland. Like natural wetland, artificial wetland is environmentally friendly and can effectively lower pollutant levels. The Korea government is actively reviewing the construction of artificial wetlands in mining and water supply areas to decrease nonpoint pollutant sources. This paper attempts to develop a pollutant removal model for the water quality improvement function of artificial wetlands. Artificial wetland can improve the quality of the water; however, depending on the type of water inflow, vegetation and hydrology, its effect can be different.