• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to assess the statistics and associated criteria for field-scale model used to simulate nutrient concentrations in paddy field. CREAMS-PADDY, a modified version of the field-scale CREAMS model, simulates the hydrologic, sediment, and nutrient cycles in paddy fields was applied in this study. The model was calibrated and validated using data from study rice paddy fields in Republic of Korea. The calibration statistics include mean and the minimum-maximum range associated with a "temporal window" that spans a period of several days. Because nutrient concentrations in paddy filed are typically sampled infrequently (on a weekly basis, at best) and represent only an instant in time, it is not reasonable to expect any model to simulate a daily average concentration equal to an observed value on a particular day. The 5-day window and related calibration statistics were applied in this study and the applicability of this concept was tested for field-scale water quality model. As a result of calibration and validation, the ponded water nutrient concentration values showed only small changes except the fertilization period. Because of the small changes in ponded water concentration, the size of 5-day window was too small to capture the observed values. Further study is required to establish the 5-day window calibration method for field-scale water quality modeling.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2011년도 학술발표회
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• pp.19-19
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• 2011

The appraisals of hydrology model behavior for flow and water quality are generally performed through comparison of simulated data with observed ones. To perform appraisal of hydrology model, some criteria are often used, such as coefficient of determination ($R^2$), Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), index of agreement (d), modified forms of NSE and d, and relative efficiency criteria NSE and d. These criteria are used not only for hydrology model estimations also for various comparisons of two data sets; This NSE has been often used for SWAT calibration. However, it has been known that the NSE value has some limitations in evaluating hydrology at watersheds under monsoon climate because this statistic is largely affected by higher values in the data set. To overcome these limitations, the SWAT auto-calibration module was enhanced with K-means clustering and direct runoff/baseflow modules. However the NSE is still being used in this module to evaluate model performance. Therefore, the SWAT Auto-calibration module was modified to incorporate alternative efficiency criteria into the SWAT K-means/direct runoff-baseflow auto-calibration module. It is expected that this enhanced SWAT auto-calibration module will provide better calibration capability of SWAT model for all flow regime.

• 한국관개배수논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2001

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.450-457
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• 2016

The Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a watershed management system that involves the establishment of the target water quality, the calculation of permission loading (allocation loading), and the control of total pollutants for each unit watershed. Allocation loading is assessed through the comprehensive implementation assessment of the previous year's plan. Assessment results are used for follow-up management measures such as the limit of development and updating of TMDL Management Implementation Plans for the next planning period. Although detailed assessment criteria are important, they are not currently available. Therefore, we suggested assessment criteria by comparing two methods('integration method' and 'separation method') using combination point and non-point discharge loading. We also examined the penalty criteria considering controllable load local government and updating methods of the TMDL Management Implementation Plan for the next planning period.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1998년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.325-330
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• 1998

Seawater desalination is the production of the water, suitable for human consumption, from seawater. Since the water supply produced by desalination is at least as good, in quality than that provided by traditional catchment, the decision as to whether or not desalination plant is to be installed should be made on technical, social, economic grounds. By analysis of these criteria, we selected some regions required seawater desalination.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2007

한국 남해의 연안역(진해만에서 부산연안)에 있어서 효율적인 수질관리를 위해서, 3차원 생태-유체역학 모델을 적용하여 하계 수질을 예측하고, 목표 수질회복을 위한 오염부하 삭감량을 산정하였다. 현재의 오염부하량 조건하에서 연안해역의 수질(화학적 산소요구량과 영양염류 농도 등)은 설정된 해양환경수질기준을 초과하였고, 또한 부영양화 상태에 있기 때문에 유입하는 오염부하량의 저감이 필요하였다. 이러한 배경하에서, 모델이 적용되어 보정과 검증과정을 통해 연구해역의 유동장과 수질 분포를 유사하게 모의하였다. 시나리오 분석결과, 진해만 해역은 $Chl-{\alpha}\;10{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$와 $COD\;3\;mg\;1^{-1}$ 이하를 동시에 만족하기 위해서는 육상 점오염원으로부터 90% 정도의 오염물질 저감뿐만 아니라, 장기간 오염물질의 유입으로 인한 베이스 농도 자체가 높아서 이를 저감하기 위한 퇴적물로부터 용출되는 질소와 인도 약 70% 정도 삭감해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 낙동강 하구해역은 $Chl-{\alpha}\;10{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$와 $COD\;2\;mg\;1^{-1}$ 이하를 만족하기 위해서는 낙동강 자체의 유입부하량을 약 80% 정도 저감해야 하며, 낙동강 하구해역을 제외한 부산 연안역은 $Chl-{\alpha}\;10{\mu}g\;1^{-1}$와 $COD\;1\;mg\;1^{-1}$ 이하를 만족하기 위해서는 유입부하의 70% 정도의 삭감이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 예측되었다. 연구해역의 수질이 공간적으로 차이가 있으나 대체적으로 상당히 오염된 상황이라 이러한 삭감량은 매우 커서 현실적으로 단기간에 달성하기는 어려울 것이다. 그러므로 장기적인 관점에서 지속적인 노력 즉, 해역으로 유입하는 미처리된 오염물질 차단, 수처리시설의 확충과 제거 능력 향상 및 오염된 퇴적물 정화 등이 필요하다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제10권S_3호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2001

To improve the water quality, particularly for sea bathers, the behaviour of wastewater from sewage outfalls in water adjacent to Swansea, UK, was studied using a mathematical model. The water quality in the sewage receiving basin was determined using factors like the outfall diffuser location(distance from land boundary), sewage treatment scheme, discharge time, and bacteria decay rate, etc. With respect to these factors, an optimal strategy for sewage discharge was then investigated to minimize bacteria levels along the bathing beaches. As water quality criteria, predicted faecal coliform levels were monitored along the coast adjacent to the outfall locations. The resultant values were compared with EC Mandatory(<2000, 95 % of 20 samples) and Guideline Standards(< 100, 80 % of 20 samples). For the advective-diffusion equation, the non linear advective terms were represented using the ULTIMATE algorithm and the third-order accurate QUICKEST scheme to avoid numerical diffusion. Details of the simulation results are then presented as an optimal policy for sewage discharge in the region.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.425-440
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• 2018

Purpose: This study is aimed at developing of the flex resistance testing process at low temperature with the waterproof fabric to suit the military environment, and is designed to fit for the purpose of the waterproof materials in order to optimize the test method by finding out matters to improve from existing the test method and through previous studies. Methods: The test method, which has been applied to flex resistance of existing water-repellent materials, was improved and consequently, differentiated test results could be obtained according to the test temperature, sample size, and flexing method. Results: The testing of the total of 8 samples revealed that performance of the military requirement could hardly be met just by presenting the materials or 2~3 layers when the quality criteria for high functional water repellent fabrics were applied. PTFE(Polytetrafluoroethylene) is preferred to PU(Polyurethane) to be used in the extremely low-temperature environment, but durability under the low-temperature environment may be varied depending on film thickness or laminating technique even if the materials of waterproof films are identical. Therefore, in addition to the material or texture, the test method capable of reflecting durability under the low-temperature environment shall be suggested, and the newly designed test method proposed in this study was shown to suggest differentiated quality criteria by the material. Conclusion: The water resistance measurement and the test method following flex resistance with expanded range of flex will enable the differentiable test of the samples according to the number of repetition. This study is meaningful in that it suggests a differentiable test method capable of establishing a basis of deciding suitable material when selecting military goods made of water repellent material by properly improving the test method.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.47-54
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• 1968

Monthly mean values for EDTA hardness in the Han River water were determined for March 1966 through May 1967. The hardness was retained a range of 22-59 mg/L the maximum value of 59 mg/L was approached in the months of mid-winter, indicating a seasonal variation. The annual ranges of Ca and Mg were 3.7-9.1 mg/L, 1.5-10.4 mg/L, respectively. The annual range of Mg:Ca ratio was 0.18-2.60. And the hardness correlated closely with Mg volume. In Korea, fortunately, most river waters are not yet suffering from damaging pollution. We must try to establish our water quality criteria based on scientific data, and make research recommendations for the following water uses; public water supplies, aquatic life and wildlife, industry, recreation and aesthetics.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.630-640
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• 2013

It is one of the most critical steps identifying impaired waterbodies exactly in the selection of target water quality indicators for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Excess ratio and excess level were applied and analyzed by the stream zone basis in order to evaluate water impairment for Nakdong, Geum, Youngsan and Seomjin rivers. Each river basin was divided into stream zones in the light of its watershed and waterbody characteristics. Selected water quality parameters discussed in this study were pH, DO, BOD, COD, SS, T-P, T-Coli and F-Coli. The excess ratios of the water quality parameters were used to discriminate water bodies that did not meet water quality standards. The excess levels were used to classify the degradation of water quality. The excess ratios and the excess levels to the water quality criteria of the medium influence areas were used for each stream zone. The results indicate that the excess ratios and the excess levels are varied on the stream zone in each river basin. Three parameters, pH, DO and SS, met water quality standards in all stream zones. The other five parameters indicated very high excess ratios in most waterbodies, and especially T-P and T-Coli revealed to be very high excess levels in some waterbodies. These parameters could be considered as major target indicators for the management of TMDLs.