• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.142-163
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• 2013

Ieodo is a submerged rock within a Korea's Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ) in the East China Sea with its most shallow part about 4.6m below the sea level which has no specific rights for the EEZ delimitation. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) stipulates that any coastal state has the rights to claim an EEZ that stretches up to 200 nautical miles from its shore, except where there is an overlap with a neighboring country's claims. Korea claims that Ieodo is within its EEZ as it sits on the Korean side of the equidistant line and the reef is located on the Korea section of the continental shelf. China does not recognize Korea's application of the equidistance principle and insists that Ieodo lies on its continental shelf. According to UNCLOS, Ieodo is located in international waters, rather than one country's EEZ as the two countries have failed to reach a final agreement over the delimitation of the maritime border. This study seeks to understand the evolution of the People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) strategy as main obstacles for the EEZ delimitation between Korea and China. PLAN's Strategy evolves from "coastal defense" to "offshore defence", since the late 1980s from a "coastal defence" strategy to an "offshore defence" strategy which would extend the perimeter of defence to between 200 nm and 400 nm from the coast. China's economic power has increased It's dependence on open trade routes for energy supplies and for its own imports and exports. China want secure Sea Lane. PLAN's "offshore defence" strategy combines the concept of active defence with the deployment of its military forces beyond its borders. China's navy try to forward base its units and to achieve an ocean going capability. China's navy expects to have a 'Blue Water' capability by 2050. China insists that coastal states do have a right under UNCLOS to regulate the activities of foreign military forces in their EEZs. China protests several times against US military forces operating within It's EEZ. The U.S. position is that EEZs should be consistent with customary international law of the sea, as reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. has a national interest in the preservation of freedom of navigation as recognized in customary international law of the sea and reflected in UNCLOS. U.S. insists that coastal states under UNCLOS do not have the right to regulate foreign military activities in their EEZs. To be consistent with its demand that the U.S. cease performing military operations in china's EEZ, China would not be able to undertake any military operations in the waters of South Korea's EEZ. As such, to preserve its own security interests, China prefers a status quo policy and used strategic ambiguity on the Ieodo issue. PLAN's strategy of coastal defence has been transformed into offensive defence, Korea's EEZ can be a serious limitation to PLAN's operational plan of activities. Considering China'a view of EEZs, China do not want make EEZ delimitation agreement between Korea and China. China argues that the overlapping areas between EEZs should be handled through negotiations and neither side can take unilateral actions before an agreement is reached. China would prefer Ieodo sea zone as a international waters, rather than one country's EEZ.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.75-80
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• 2005

Several metalliferous including Guedo mine, Manjung mine and Joil mine located at the upper watershed of Namhan river, were abandoned or closed since 1988 due to the mining industry promotion policy and thus disposed an enormous amount of mining wastes without a proper treatment facilities, resulting in soil pollution. In this research, total and fractional concentrations of heavy metals in mining wastes were analyzed and accordingly the degree of soil pollutions in the abandoned mine area were quantitatively assessed employing the several pollution indices. The mining waste samples from Guedo mine, Manjung mine and Joil mine recently abandoned were collected for the evaluation of the potential of water pollution by mining activities. Index of geoaccumulation fractional composition and removal efficiency of some heavy metals by different concentration of HCl treatment were analyzed. Index of geoaccumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr are 6, $4\~6,\;0\~6,\;4\~5$, 2 and 0 respectively. The index of geoaccumulation of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu reveals the mining wastes has high pollution potential in the area. According to sequential extraction of metals in the mine wastes organic fraction of Cu, reducible fraction of Pb, residual fraction of Ni and Zn were the most abundant fraction of heavy metals in mining wastes.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-58
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• 2013

In recently, the low impact development(LID) is discussed at various fields being related to urban stormwater, non-point source pollution, and quality of life. It is understood as an integrated development tool to induce sustainable development with various value-social, economic, and aesthetic. As concerning the development of waterfront area, the low impact development is interested in environmental planning. But the planning process and factors are not considered in precedent research. This study has two purposes. The one is to understand the planning process and factors of low impact development from literature review. The other is to apply the planning factors using case study and to know the effect of low impact development as the simulation plan. The simulation plan is based on some landuse planning. It is divided into the setting the region for environmental protection and the function of public facilities, spatial planning for enlarging permeable area, and spatial planning for circulation of water. The simulation model uses the LIDMOD2. The 14 planning factors of low impact development is applied to case region. And the effect is about 7~10 percent in reduction of nonpoint source pollution and surface runoff.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.350-363
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• 2012

To determine ionic species in snowpit samples using ion chromatography system, we described the performance of ion chromatography(IC) system, cleaning method of bottle, and interference by filtering procedure. The limit of detection, reproducibilities, and accuracies determined with BCR$^{(R)}$-408 were 0.01-0.26 ${\mu}g$/L, 0.4-17.4%, 4.5-12.0% for cations and 0.02-0.26 ${\mu}g/L$, 0.1-27.6%, 1.3-5.6% for anions, respectively. Lab blank test for sample bottle indicated that $CH_3CO_2{^-}$, $HCO_2{^-}$, and $NH_4{^+}$ can be easily contaminated in the lab environment. The positive interferences of $NO_3{^-}$ were partly attributed to the cleaning method of bottle. The filtering of melted snow sample should be carefully applied because it can positively affect the concentration levels of some ionic species. Finally, this method was applied to measure ionic species in snowpit samples from the upward area near NEEM camp and the uncertainties of measurement data of $F^-$ were also estimated.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-145
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• 2011

The practice of asphalt pavement recycling has grown rapidly over the decade, one of which is the cold in-place recycling with the foamed asphalt (CIR-foam) or the emulsified asphalt (CIR-emulsion). Particularly, in Iowa, the CIR has been widely used in rehabilitating the rural highways because it significantly increases the service life of the existing pavement. The CIR layer is typically overlaid by the hot mix asphalt (HMA) to protect it from water ingress and traffic load and obtain the required pavement structure and texture. Most public agencies have different curing requirements based on the number of curing days or the maximum moisture contents for the CIR before placing the overlay. The main objective of this study is to develop a moisture loss index that the public agency can use to monitor the moisture content of CIR layers in preparation for a timely placement of the wearing surface. First, the moisture contents were measured in the field using a portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) device. Second, the weather information in terms of rain fall, air temperature, humidity and wind speed was collected from the same location. Finally, a moisture loss index was developed as a function of initial moisture content, air temperature, humidity and wind speed. The developed moisture loss index based on the field measurements would help the public agency to determine an optimum timing of an overlay placement without continually measuring moisture conditions in the field.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_2
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• pp.1047-1060
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• 2017

In recent years, global warming has been continuing and abnormal weather phenomena are occurring frequently. Especially in the 21st century, the intensity and frequency of hydrological disasters are increasing due to the regional trend of water. Since the damage caused by disasters in urban areas is likely to be extreme, it is necessary to prepare a landslide susceptibility maps to predict and prepare the future damage. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the landslide vulnerability using the logistic model and assessed the management plan after the landslide through the field survey. The landslide area was extracted from aerial photographs and interpretation of the field survey data at the time of the landslides by local government. Landslide-related factors were extracted topographical maps generated from aerial photographs and forest map. Logistic regression (LR) model has been used to identify areas where landslides are likely to occur in geographic information systems (GIS). A landslide susceptibility map was constructed by applying a LR model to a spatial database constructed through a total of 13 factors affecting landslides. The validation accuracy of 77.79% was derived by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the logistic model. In addition, a field investigation was performed to validate how landslides were managed after the landslide. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for urban governments for policy recommendations on urban landslide management.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.97-112
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• 2001

The Section 12 of Groundwater Law stipulates that groundwater conservation zone should be regulated by the designation of conservation area and development restricted area, The most important policy for groundwater conservation and protection is to estimate and designate groundwater conservation zone. The groundwater classification map is utilized to determine the prime groundwater conservation areas, which delineate the first and the second ranked conservation areas of the map. According to the classification method of the Ministry of Construction and Transportation in 2000, groundwater quality for groundwater classification is classified with 4 levels based on the following conditions : (1) the present groundwater quality; (2) the potential usage as drinking water at present and in the future; (3) hydrogeological characteristics, and (4) the existence of pollution sources and activities. Throughout the initial analysis, the groundwater conservation areas are represented about 57.1$\textrm{km}^2$ in the groundwater classification map, which is 9.4% of Seoul Metropolitan Area. The management guidelines for groundwater conservation area are also developed referring to Cheju Province Groundwater Conservation Management Project and the guidelines by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. But the specific administration and detailed technical survey should be prepared to efficiently manage the groundwater conservation area.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.317-325
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• 2010

This study aims to deduct the extensive improvement types of leisure activities of private security agents using PPA technique and to examine the influence of leisure constraint on the index of participation. Through this process, this study consequently will draw the priority list of investment on the policy for improving the welfare status of private security agents. In this study, judgement sampling was applied to 6 security agencies located in Seoul, 2010, and 267 cases were used in the final analysis. Collected data went through factor analysis, reliability analysis, paired t test, PPA analysis, and regression analysis by using SPSSWIN 17.0. The conclusions were drawn as follows. In regard to the reliability, Cronbach's $\alpha$ was over .768. First, there was a difference between the preference rate and the participation rate which are the participation index of the private security agents' leisure activities. concentrate here in leisure types turned out to be fitness activities, walking/jogging, tourism, a day-long travel, and keep up the cood work in leisure types are movies, domestic tourist attractions, dating, eating out, personal relationship, watching sports, reading, karaoke, TV video watching, drinking etc. low priority in leisure types are water sports, hiking, biking, soccer, photography, ball games, sky sports, playing go/janggi, inline skates, and cooking. Second, the leisure constraint affects the participation index of leisure activities. As the personal constraint, and surrounding conscious constraint which are the subordinate factors of the leisure constraint get bigger, the participation index of favored leisure activities become lower. In contrast, when the difficulties such as structural constraint, time and economical constraint are overcome, participation index of leisure activities go on the rise.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1216-1221
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• 2012

This study is aimed to investigate microbiological contamination of Angelica gigas Nakai. A total of 111 samples including root, soil, and irrigation water were collected from farms and market to detect aerobic bacteria, Bacillus cereus, coliform, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,. Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The contaminations of aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Bacillus cereus in the root during cultivation were found 6.71 log CFU $g^{-1}$, 4.13 log CFU $g^{-1}$, and 3.54 log CFU $g^{-1}$, respectively. The contamination of coliform and B. cereus were detected in all steps from harvesting to processing, with the highest count recorded from the cutting step. In marketing, the contaminations of aerobic bacterial, coliform, and B. cereus were 5.5~6.0 log CFU $g^{-1}$, 2.4~2.6 log CFU $g^{-1}$, and 3.5~4.0 log CFU $g^{-1}$, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp, and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any of samples. This result indicated that hygienic soil management and post harvest management should be performed to reduce the contamination of hazard microorganisms and to produce safe agro-products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.321-333
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• 2013

As environmental sustainability becomes a key consideration in policy-making, more responsible consumption and utilization in daily life concern both health and quality of life. To address inequities in health in relation to environments, waste management has taken more progressive ways, and one of them is biomass-to-energy conversion that utilizes energy recovery from food waste. By extension, a food waste zero-emission system using fermentation and extinction technology gains much attention, so that this study is designed to examine residents' attitudes toward recycling food waste produced at home and toward food waste zero-emission system. Utilizing a survey questionnaire, this research collected data from 400 individual units of multifamily housing estates nationwide, and the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings indicate that food waste generated at home was highly water-contained and produced in the stage of food preparation before cooking while respondents viewed that food waste collection and treatment needed to be improved. It's noted that respondents strongly supported the use of food waste as a energy source and would have the use of the food waste zero-emission system built in kitchen sink. Regression analysis showed that educational attainment of housewives, cooking style, and planning food purchase were statistically significant factors in the attitude of the responded residents toward recycling food waste while none of the factors were in the attitude toward the food waste zero-emission system.