• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.256-259
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• 2008

In this study, graphite or zeolite 4A was mixed with poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-strene) (ABS) to make hybrid films, and permeation characteristics of air and water vapor through these films were investigated. In all cases, gas permeabilities of hybrid films were lower than that of pure ABS films. The permeability decrease of oxygen was slightly larger than that of nitrogen, resulting in the little decrease of $O_2/N_2$ selectivity. In addition, the water vapor transfer rates (WVTR) of hybrid films were about half of ABS film's. The decrease of permeabilities may be owing to the increase of tortuosity for diffusion in hybrid films.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.38-44
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• 1998

The skin permeation and the skin primary irritation of two UV filters from caprylic capryl triglyceride (oil), oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) emulsions, were evaluated. We selected octyl moth-oxycinnamate (OMC) broadly used in cosmetics and polymeric sunscreen agent (PSA, average MW: 2,000) synthesized by the coupling reaction of 2-ethylhexyl 4-hydroxycinnamate with poly vinylbenzyl chloride, as model UV filters. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz diffusion cells (effective diffusion area:1.766cm) and the excised skin of female hairless mouse aged 8 weeks were used. Oil or emulsion containing UV filters was applied in the donor compartment. The skin primary irritation was evaluated with fe-male guinea pigs (8-10 weeks,350-400 g). In oil and emulsions, the skin permeability and the skin primary irritation of PSA were lower than those of OMC. The skin permeability of UV filters was lower when they were in oil-in-water emulsion (OIW) than water-in-oil emulsion (W/O). We suggest that O/W system would be more useful when compared with W/O system, and PSA could be a good candidate for a future sunscreen agent for reducing the skin irritation.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.91-94
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• 2003

In this work, the physicochemical properties for permeant molecules and polyion complex membrane prepared by complexation between SA and chitosan were determined by using molecular modeling methods, and the permeation behaviors of water and alcohol molecules through the PIC membrane have been investigated. In the case of penetrant molecule, the experimental results showed that the prepared membrane was excellent pervaporation performance result in most solution, and the selectivity and permeability of the membrane were dependent on the molecular size, the polarity and the hydrophilic surface of permeant organics. However, the separation behavior of methanol aqueous solution exhibited other permeation tendency with other feed solutions and contradictory result. That is, the membrane were preferentially permeable to methanol over water despite water molecule has stronger polarity and small molecular size than methanol molecule. In this study, the results were discussed from the viewpoint of chemical and physical properties between permeant molecules and membrane in the diffusion state.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.108-116
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• 1993

In PVC/PS pelyblend laminated membranes, perrneabilities were increased as increasing the blend ratio of PS and selectivities were increased with increasing the blend ratio of PVC. The gas permeation mechanism was shifted from the combination of Poiseuille and Knudsen flow model to the solution-diffusion model as decreasing the PS blend ratio. The structure of polyblend laminated membranes showed series model, where PS rich phase was formed at air side and PVC rich phase was at water side. The model of permeation in the polyblend laminated membranes also showed series model structure.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 2005

To improve the skin permeability of piroxicam, a new oil-in-water microemulsion containing $0.5\%$ piroxicam was developed. Among various oils investigated for their suitability as an oil phase for the microemulsion system, oleic acid showed both excellent solubility and skin permeation enhancing effect for piroxicam. Microemulsion existence ranges were identified through the construction of the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The effect of the content of oleic acid and the ratio of the surfactant/cosurfactant on skin permeation of piroxicam were evaluated with excised rat skins. The optimum formulation with the highest skin permeation rate ($47.14\;{\mu}g/cm^2/h$) consisted of $0.5\%$ piroxicam, $10\%$ oleic acid, $60\%$ Labrasol/ethanol (1:5) and water.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.108-114
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• 1997

The skin permeation study has two meanings in cosmetics. One is how to promote the skin permeation of active meterials for improving their bioavailabilities and the other is how to decrease it of irritants for reducing their skin side effects. In this study, we selected methyl paraben, one of the preservatives, as a model irritant and tried to reduce the skin irritation by the decrease of skin permeation. Furthermore, the relationship between skin permeation and skin primary irritation was discussed. For in vitro skin permeation experiments, Franz type diffusion cells and the excised skin of female hairless mouse from 8 weeks old were used. The donor compartment was charged with oil only or O/W emulsion containing 0.3% MP. We selected 19 oils, including esters, triglycerides, plant oils, hydrocarbons, and alchols, which are broadly used in cosmetics. We evaluated with female guinea pig. The skin permeahility of MP from the oils showed following order: ester oils > triglycerides > plant oils > hydrocarbons > alcohols. We considered that this result was based on the different effect of each oil on the barrier function of stratum corneum. In O/W emulsion containing each oil, the skin permeability of MP decreased as the oil/water partition coefficient of MP increased. The skin primary irritation increased as the skin permeability of MP increased. In conclusion, we suggest that the skin irritation could be reduced by the decrease of skin permeability of MP, which may be obtained by the good selection of oils in cosmetic preparations.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 1996

Pervaporation experiments of ternary ethanol/isopropanol/water mixtures were performed using poly(dimethyl siloxane)(PDMS) membrane at $45^{\circ}C$ and the mutual effects of ethanol and isopropanol on the permeation characteristics were studied. Compared to the case of the binary aqueous ethanol or isopropanol solutions, the existence of ethanol or isopropanol in the ternary mixtures resulted in the depression of each other's permeation rate. The depression effect of ethanol on the isopropanol permeation was more considerable than the depression effect of isopropanol on the ethanol permeation. These decreases in the permeation rate were thought to be due to the larger interactions between permeants than the plasticizing effects of ethanol or isopropanol on the polymer membrane. The strong interactions between permeants reduced the driving forces for both ethanol and isopropanol permeation in the ternary mixtures.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.234-245
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• 1985

To clarify the diffusional behavior of p-aminbenzoic acid esters in the presence of polyethylene glycol 400, cellulose membrane permeation rate, solubility and viscosity of p-aminobenzoic acid methyl ester, benzocaine and butamben were determined with PEG solutions of various concentrations. With an increase in PEG concentrations permeation rates from solutions; decreased due to an increase in viscosity of the solution. From suspensions, however, permeation rates increased due to an increase in solubility and when the initial drug concentration was constant, permeation rates were found to be greatest from the PEG-water system with the PEG concentration which transported from the solution to the suspension. Permeation rate of 4.0mg/ml p-aminobenzoic acid methyl ester was $26.51\mu$g/ml$\cdot$hr from 5g/100ml PEG solution, and that of 4.0mg/ml benzocaine was $13.17{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ from 15g/100ml PEG, solution, and that of 2.0mg/ml butamben was $3.8{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}hr$ from 10g/100ml PEG solution. Permeation rate was 7.0 fold in p-aminobenzoic acid methyl, ester and 3.5 fold in benzocaine compared to butamben.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 1998

Permeation behavior of the semiconductor rinsing wastewater containing Si particles was examined by ultrafiltration using the polysulfone plate membrane. The permeation flux was gradually decreased with time. It was due to the growth of cake deposited on the membrane surface and the pore plugging by Si particles. Permeation flux of cross flow type was 1.4 times higher than that of the dead end flow type. Nitrogen back flushing which is the removing method of membrane fouling was superior to the water sweeping. With nitrogen back flushing, the decrease of permeation flux due to the fouling was recovered about 85 % to the initial flux in the flat plate membrane system. The rejection rate of Si particles was about 90 % and the size of Si particle in the permeate was about 70 nm.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.319-323
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• 1999

Asymmetric polyetherimide membranes were prepared by phase inversion method. In the modification of the skin layers of polyetherimide membranes, the effects of NaOH concentration on the morphology and pervaporation separation of water-isopropanol mixtures were investigated. With increasing concentration of NaOH solution, polyamicacid structure was formed by the hydrolysis of imide group of polyetherimide, and the thickness of dense layer of the asymmetric membrane increased. In the pervaporation separation of water-isopropanol mixtures the overall permeation rate decreased and the separation factor increased with increasing concentration of NaOH solution. However, when the concentration of NaOH solution was very high, the permeation rate increased but separation factor decreased. From these results, it was found that the permeation behaviors of asymmetric polyetherimide membranes depended upon the concentration of NaOH solution. These modified membranes showed that both the permeation rate and separation factor increased as the operating temperature increased.