• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-56
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• 1995

During the last two decades, Korea has achieved remarkable economic growth. In this process the nation has become urbanized and industrialized. But we have also encountered widening regional disparity, housing shortage of larger cities, transportation congestion, environmental pollution and many other problems. Rapid increasing urbanization and continuous migration toward Seoul since the late 1960s have been one of the major concerns of government. Government has sought ways to moderate the population increase in Seoul. The regulation which include new town development near Seoul and dispersion strategies of higher education and other administration and living facilities outside of Seoul havemade a great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. Seoul metropolitan reaion has evolved as the most powerful center of political and economical spaces. Generally within a metropolitan region, there exists a growing mutual interdependence economically, as well as socially between a central city and its surrounding area. Seoul metropolitan region manifests itself not only as a coherent system of urbanized regions, but also as an integral part of the daily urban system. The surrounding Gyunggi province and Seoul city become closely linked both economically and functionally, constituting true functlonai urban system. This study is primarily undertaken with the purpose of delineation of the sphere of influence of Seoul city in 1990. At the time of 1985, Seoul metropolitan region was delineated according to the result of the study which was performed by Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements. Afterward, the rapid speed of metropolitanization process with dramatic increase in mobility through the provision of wider transportation system across the Capital region have evolved, resulting in the great expansion of the spatial influence of Seoul city. So this study examines the expanded area of Seoul metropolitan regin during the period of 1985-90. In order to delineate Seoul metropolitan region, the indices of urbanization and functional linkage are selected. Variables included in the measurement of the urbanization level are agricultural structure, population characteristics, manufacturing and service industries, and cultural aspects such as newspaper circulation, the ratio of car ownership and piped water supply. Variables included in the measurement of functional linkage are commuting, shopping pattern, centralized service such as medical facilities and trade of agricultural products. The standardization method and factor analysis are employed in making the delineation of Seoul metropolitan region. According to the result of this study, 2 cities, 8 Eups and 46 Myuns are included Seoul metropolitan region in 1990. If we compare this delineated area in 1990 to that of 1985, we can find the distinctive pattern of expanded axes according to the main transportation routes such as Seoul-Suweon, Seoul-Gwangju, Seoul-Incheon. In 199O, all the Gyunggi province, except a few Myuns located at the north and northwest part of Gyunggi province, are included in Seoul metropolitan region. Furthermore, this study attempts to the analysis of regional structure of Seoul metropolitan region according to the functional characteristics of each city and Gun. Variables included in this analysis are the new residential function, manufacturing function, service function, education and infermation function, public facility function and agricultural function. Factor analysis and cluster analysis are employed in making regionalization. Seoul metropolitan reaion is subdivided into four subregions which reflect different functional specialization. The first group is the specialized region of newly formed residential function. The second group is the specialized reaion of manufacturing function. The third group is the specialized region of service function. And the fourth group has little specialized in terms of manufacturing, service, and residential function. But this region has some potentiality of development when Seoul metropolitan region grow continuously. Seoul metropolitan region accounted for 43% of national population, despite 11.8% of national land size in 1990. Although Seoul metropolitan region enjoys important agglomeration economies, it also has huge social cost in the form of transportation congestion, housing shortage, rapid increase of land value, environment pollution, and etc. Efficient metropolitan plan making is a vital element in promoting Seoul's economic development and providing high quality living environment at low cost. In the light of the result of this study, the outer ring of Seoul metropolitan region, especially northeastern part, are underdeveloped compared to overdeveloped southwestern area. It is needed to develop the guidelines for the implement of the growth control and management plan, inducing more balanced development for whole Seoul metropolitan reaion.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.318-325
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• 2015

Korea has very strong shipbuilding industry in the world, so many new ships are constructed in Korean shipyards. These built vessels are carrying out sea trial at sea before delivering to shipowner, and sea trial ships cause navigation risk to other passing vessels to accomplish sea trial tests as quick turning, zigzag maneuvering and crash astern etc. in traffic congestion conditions. It occurred more than 1 collision accident related sea trial for recent 5 years. It has been increased about 30% of risk because of navigation of sea trial vessel by marine traffic flow simulation. This paper analyzed marine traffic density surveyed by AIS data for 7 days, and investigated position of marine accidents for 5 years in Korean coastal waterway, it established the sea trial prohibition areas as 10/100 level of total marine traffic volume, which is considered no danger for ship operator. This analyzed maritime safety law for setting of the prohibition waters to propose the basic legal system. It makes contribution to marine pollution prevention by setting of the sea trial prohibition water to improve the ship's navigation safety.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2015

Domestic road and railroad construction have been increasingly growing and for reasons of mitigating traffic congestion, urban plan and refurbishment project, deeper and longer tunnels have been built. The event of fire is the most fatal accident in a tunnel, and it can be very disastrous with a high possibility. In this study, QRA (Quantitative Risk Analysis) which is one of quantitative risk analysis approaches was applied to tunnel fire safety design and the evaluation of QRA cases and the cost comparison of QRA methods were carried out. In addition analysis of risk reduction effect of tunnel fire safety system was conducted using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) and the priority of major factors that could mitigate the risk in tunnel fire was presented. As a result, significant cost reduction effect could be obtained by incorporating QRA and it is expected to design fire safety system rationally. The priority of fire safety system based on risk mitigation effect by fire safety system considering the cost is in order of water pipe, emergency lighting, evacuation passage and smoke control system.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.2394-2402
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• 2017

The frequency selective fading by multipaths determines a performance of underwater acoustic communication system in shallow littoral ocean. In this study, a characteristics of underwater acoustic channel and performance of multi-carrier system is evaluated in littoral ocean with a 50m deep water, an effective wave height of 0.5m and sandy mud bottom near Busan city. A multipath delay spread and time and frequency domain are presented as a function of a transmitter-to-receiver range. A bit-error-rate of a 5 channel 4FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) with a transmission rate of 1kbps, is examined and RS(Reed-Solomon) code is also adopted to remove a burst error due to time domain fading. A number of multipath are less than four and a bit-error-rate is decreased as an increase of a transmitter-to-receiver range which gives a congestion of multi-paths resulting in a decrease of time and frequency domain fading. The measured bit-error-rate is about 10-4 at greater than 600m of transmitter-to-receiver range.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.144-172
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• 2009

objectives : This research aimed to study the similar effects between Jwahun and Sojucheon_practice, as both Induces to SooSengg-HwaGang(the coordination of water and fire). methods : 141 recipients of the survey was conducted in the Jwahun room of Korean medicine Hospital, which contained to body reaction between the moment of the Jwahun and after the Jwahun. And the result of them compared with the body's response of Sojucheon_practice results : 1. In a survey, 78% of the patients had responses that were sweating. The area sweating a lot in the survey is the face, abdomen, chest and was, in this order, the ratio was high. About feeling of warmth and coolness, survey of those who felt the warmth ratio was 79%, those who did not feel the coolness ratio was 77%, most of the responses were warm bodies. 46% of patients replied that feels warm in the belly. It said the fact that Jwahun directly to the lower body is to warm. 2. Symptoms of congestion of the head on the survey, 78% of investigators did not appeal. Other investigators were responding they were dizzy. Research on pain and itching, but no response was at 84%. Among the responses to the itchiness, itching perineum was 11% of the respondents. The rest was weak. 3. Associated with defecation in the survey, the investigators found that 33% of respondents said fart. Urine is 22% of respondents said. Abdominal reactions, 33% of respondents answered was taking a tone in the abdomen. In response to the whole body reaction, the most relaxing 39% of the respondents said, 22% of respondents replied that the body feel lighter. 4. After Jwahun, belly is warm and cathartic reactions were the most responsive. This said that Jwahun even after, in the lower abdomen lasting warmth as can be seen. Smooth bowel movements disproves the abdominal organs is a good move. It will also be seen in the same context of bowel movements, abdominal response when just doing Jwahun. conclusions : Jwahun activate the meridians and through the perineum stimulation induced imdokmaek(任督脈) SooSengg-HwaGang(水升火降) to enable the training and some Sojucheon can have similar effects.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.115-134
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• 2017

A total number of 668 apparently healthy fish were obtained from farm to study the effect of two heavy metals (Copper and Mercury) on histopathology of liver, kidney, spleen, gills and muscles also residues in muscles. The $LC_{50}$/96 hr. of Cu and Hg were estimated and fish exposed to 1/2 $LC_{50}$ for 7 days and for 1/10 $LC_{50}$ for 8 weeks from each product separately. Histopathological findings in acute and chronic mercuric chloride toxicity revealed degeneration and necrosis in the glomeruli, interstitium tissue and epithelium lining renal tubules. The tubular epithelium became necrotic at several places. Eosinophilic hyaline droplets is exist in the cytoplasm of the necrosed cells. Degenerative changes and hyperactivity in melanomachrophage center was seen in the spleen together with some necrotic areas. Necrosis and aggregation of melanomachrophage were seen in the hepatic cells, Hepatic cells showed vacuolar degeneration in the hepatic cells. Gills showed loss in the lamellae of the filaments associated with edema, inflammatory cells infiltration and haemorrhages in the arch. The sarcoplasm of the bundles of the skeletal muscle showed granular degeneration and focal inflammatory cells infiltration between the hyalinized bundles. Mercury residues obtained from these studies in the acute toxicity were 0.22 ppm/gm in the 2nd day, 0.411 ppm/gm in the $5^{th}$ day ended with 0.96 ppm/gm in the $7^{th}$ day. In chronic toxicity it was 1.1320, 1.7140, 2.3620 and 3.5640 ppm/gm respectively from the $2^{nd}$ to the $8^{th}$ week of exposure. In acute and chronic copper toxicity, there was degenerative changes in renal tubules. Melanophores aggregation in the wall of the blood vessels of the spleen and depletion of some of the melanophores in the melanomachrophage were seen together with necrosis in some areas. Congested Mvs (Micro vessels) and vacuolation of hepatocytes were observed. Some areas of hemorrhage and melanophores vacuolar degeneration in the liver were seen. There was mitosis in some areas with displesia of hepatopancreatic cells and eosinophilic granular cells aggregation. Zymogen granules disappeared and there were dyplastic hepatocytes. Congestion in the blood vessels of the gill filaments, associated with massive number of granular eosinophilic cells infiltration were seen in the base of the filaments. There were sever vacuolization and hyalinization in the skeletal muscle bundles. Detection of residues of copper sulfate revealed increase of the amount of copper measured in ppm/gm comparing to the normal control starting from 0.60 ppm/g in the $2^{nd}$ day, 0.67 ppm/g in the $5^{th}$ day and 0.67 ppm/g in the $7^{th}$ day. Result obtained in chronic copper sulfate toxicity revealed gradual increase of the amount of copper which ranged from 0.18 ppm/g at the $2^{nd}$ week to 0.21 ppm/g in the $8^{th}$ week of exposure.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.9
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• pp.191-197
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• 2018

With a population of more than 10 million people worldwide, MegaCity was only three in 1975, but it is expected to grow to 24 in 2013 and more than 30 in 2025 and more than 3 billion worldwide by 2050 It is expected to be absorbed into smart city. Especially in Asia and Africa, urbanization is expected to proceed rapidly. As the urbanization progresses and the population living in the cities increases, there are various problems such as rapid increase of energy consumption, congestion of traffic, various aging of the infrastructure and the like. As a result, smart city is emerging as a new alternative for solving urban problems. Smart City is rapidly expanding with the development of related technologies and can improve costs, improve urban services, improve quality of life, productivity and sustainability. Therefore, this paper analyzes the size and trend of the domestic and overseas smart city market, and analyzes the smart city related policies, trends and case studies of major countries to see the development status and market of smart city related industries, Present a business utilization model.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.1 s.2
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• pp.49-69
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• 1966

For the purpose of stydying the pharmacodynamic action of methemoglobin, the author made the following experiments: 1. Preparation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin solutions: Red cell suspension from rabbit blood was hemolysed with distilled water and then divided into two portions. One portion was dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic with the proper amount of sodium chloride. The second portion was treated with sodium nitrite to convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic. 2. The concentration of methemoglobin in solution, plasma and urine was determined by Horecker and Brackette's method, and that of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method. 3. The concentration of methemoglobin and hemoglobin in the plasma and urine of rabbits was measured at several intervals of time after infusion of the above samples. 4. The blood pressure and respiration of rabbits were recorded on a kymograph, and the effects of the samples on them were observed. 5. The effects of the samples on the movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were studied. 6. The kidneys of rabbits were excised 4 to 5 hours after injection of the samples, and histopathological examinations were made. These experiments revealed the following results: 1. When methemoglobin solution was allowed to stand in room air, there was no decrease in the concentration of methemoglobin. 2. When methemoglobin solution was mixed with whole blood and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$, the concentration of methemoglobin decteased gradually. 3. After the infusion of methemoglobin and hemoglobin solutions, the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin in the plasma was more rapid than that of hemoglobin in the plasma. The higher the initial concentration in the plasma, the larger was the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin. 4. The rate of disappearance of methemoglobin was exceedingly rapid for 30 minutes after the infusion. 5. The urinary excretion of methemoglobin was more rapid than that of hemoglobin. 6. It would seem that the circulating blood contains substances which are promptly mobilized in the plasma to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin. 7. Moderate amounts of methemoglobin solution caused some rise in the blood pressure and a transient acceleration of the respiration of the rabbits. These effects of methemoglobin were milder than those of hemoglobin. 8. The movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were accelerated by methemoglobin. These accelerating effects were milder than those of hemoglobin. 9. In the kidneys of rabbits treated with methemoglobin solution, hyperemia of the glomeruli, cloudy swelling and hemoglobin deposit in the tubular epithelium, hemoglobin casts in the tubular lumina of the proximal tubules, and interstitial congestion were constantly observed. There was no definite difference between the histological findings in the rabbit kidneys injected with methemoglobin, and those injected with hemoglobin solutions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.233-242
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• 2013

The genus Taraxacum, known by the common name Dandelion, is a medicinal herb in the family Asteraceae. It has been traditionally used as a folk medicine for the treatment or prevention of various diseases due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. In this study, we attempted to evaluate protective effects of Dandelion related with anti-oxidative activity to Thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver damage. 36 rats were randomly assigned to six experimental groups : Control, Dandelion water extract (DWE), TAA, TAA&DWE 300, TAA&DWE 600, TAA&DWE 1,200 groups. Rats in DWE and TAA&DWE groups were pretreated with DWE (300, 600 or 1,200 mg/kg BW) by gavage for 7 days. All rats were treated intraperitoneally with TAA (200 mg/kg BW) or normal saline at 12 hours after last oral administration and sacrificed at 12 hours after last treatment. Levels of WBC and Neutrophil count were significantly decresed in TAA&DWE 1,200 group compared with that in TAA group (P<0.05). In TAA&DWE 600 and TAA&DWE 1,200 groups, serum AST, ALT, GGT levels were lower than TAA group (P<0.05). The serum TG level was significantly elevated in TAA&DWE groups compared with those in TAA group. Liver tissues from TAA group showed extensive histopathological changes, characterized by moderate or severe hepatocytes degeneration, inflammatory cell infiltration, and congestion. In the TAA&DWE group, The severity of histopathological lesions were decreased compared to those in the TAA group. The MDA concentration was significantly decreased and GSH content was significantly increased in the TAA&DWE 1,200 group compared to those in the TAA group. GR, CAT and GST activities in the TAA&DWE 1,200 group were significantly increased compared to those in the TAA group.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

This study investigated external symptoms, behavior characteristics and the distribution pattern of the scuticociliates in the skin, gill and blood vessel of the tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes, infected with scuticociliates among tiger puffer cultured. The fish infected with scuticociliates did not show any external symptoms, such as change in body color or swimming behavior, in the early infection stage. However, they showed congestion, erosion, and ulcer on the skin and fin at advanced stages. They showed a turning movement, mainly stayed on the bottom, and swam with their mouths open at the surface of water. Some fish showed a sudden swimming movement of zigzag type. The scuticociliates were ovoid in shape and $20\times40{\mu}m$ in size. The scuticociliates had a contractile vesicle and a caudal cilium that ranged 10-12 ${\mu}m$, and reproduced by binary fission. Therefore the scuticociliates were identified as ciliated, belonging to class Hymenostomatia, order Scuticociliatida in morphogenetic character. The gills infiltrated with scuticociliates showed clubbed gill filament due to hypertrophy of gill lamella. Within the blood vessels, scuticociliates were observed one to ten individuals, depending on diameter of the blood vessels. Some of the scuticociliates were observed to have ingested erythrocytes.