• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.178-186
• /
• 2018

Generally, in terms of the development of irrigation scheme, the efficient water resource management that supplies the irrigation water in consideration of the required time and accurate quantity to grow the crop should be conducted. The water resource assessment should precede to supply the irrigation water efficiently. The water resources assessment is divided into the water requirement analysis and the water availability assessment. In case of Korea, the major crop is paddy rice unlike crops of Africa, such as sugarcane, maize, and cassava, etc. Because it is not familiar with the method for upland irrigation development in tropical area, it needs to know the water resources assessment for irrigation scheme development about these crops. The Natama Scheme in Chiradzulu District of the Southern Malawi was selected as study area, which has tropical climate. From the collected meteorological data, the evapotranspiration was analyzed by Penman-Monteith Method and the effective rainfall was analyzed by USDA Soil Conservation Service Method. This study displays the results that for study area, the evapotranspiration varies from 2.80 mm/day to 5.51 mm/day and the effective rainfall varied from 2.1mm to 149.0mm. According to the selected crop (Green Maize, Dry Maize), the unit water requirement (UWR) and water demand (WD) considering the irrigation efficiency, irrigation time and irrigation area were estimated to be $0.00122m^3/s/ha$ and $0.0122m^3/s$ respectively. For the water availability assessment, the runoff of Natama scheme was calculated by specific yield method. The water availability was evaluated through reviewed differences of discharge between $Q80_{intake}$ and Total WD, and the irrigation water can be supplied sufficiently in the existing 10ha of Natama scheme. As a result of reviewing the extensibility of irrigable area, total WD of scheme is $0.02313m^3/s$, and $Q80_{intake}$ is $0.02387m^3/s$ ($Q80_{intake}$ > Total WD). Therefore, Natama scheme can be extended from 10 ha to 17 ha in the dry season in consideration of the $Q80_{intake}$.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.267-278
• /
• 2018

기후변화 및 인구 증가 등으로 인하여 물 공급량이 수요량을 충족하지 못하는 물부족 현상 발생이 증가하고 있다. 이와 같은 물부족 현상으로 인한 피해를 최소화하고 이에 대한 대비를 위해 수자원 및 물부족 평가 연구가 꾸준히 이루어져 왔다. 하지만 기존 연구는 대부분 지상수와 지하수만을 공급량으로 보았으며 실제 식물의 생장 및 유지에 이용되는 토양수 등에 대한 고려는 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지상수 및 지하수를 의미하는 블루워터와 식물생장 및 유지에 이용되는 그린워터 개념을 도입한 물부족 평가 방법을 제안하고 이를 이용하여 보령 지역을 대상으로 물부족 평가를 실시하였다. SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여 대상유역의 월별 유출량, 지하수량, 토양수량, 증발산량을 도출하였으며 이를 이용하여 월별 그린워터와 블루워터 부족량을 각각 도출하였다. 그린워터와 블루워터의 물부족 평가 결과 이 둘의 양상이 매우 다르게 나타났으며 이에 수자원 관리에서 용수 공급에 특히 주의해야 하는 시기를 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 물부족 평가 방법은 식물 및 작물 생장, 유지에 사용되는 그린워터를 평가에 고려함으로써 기존 평가 방법들에 비해 더욱 상세한 결과를 얻을 수 있으며 이에 수자원 관리에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제60권4호
• /
• pp.93-103
• /
• 2018

The aim of this study is to apply the Water-Energy-Food-Land Nexus approach which can analyze the trade-offs among resources, and assess the holistic impacts of food security. First, we applied rice as a study crop and analyzed the trend of consumption of rice and the area of paddy fields. Second, the portfolios of water, energy, and land for rice production were constructed using data of footprints and productivity. Finally, the self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) of rice in target year was set as food security scenario and assessed the impacts of food security on water, energy, and land availability. In 2030, the SSR of rice decreased to 87 %, and water use for producing rice decreased from 4,728 to $3,350million\;m^3$, and the water availability index increased from 0.33 to 0.53. However, food security is essential issue and we set the 50 % and 100 % SSR of rice as high and low food security scenarios. For 100% SSR in 2030, about $3,508million\;m^3$ water was required and water availability index reached to 0.5. In other words, there is the trade-off between food security and water-energy-lands availability. Therefore, it is difficult to make a decision whether a high level of SSR is better or worse. However, this study showed the both positive and negative impacts by change of food security and it can be useful for setting the policy decision considering both food security and sustainable resource management at the same time.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
• /
• pp.144-144
• /
• 2021

The rapid urbanization in many Asian countries has taken millions of people from the rural countryside to concentrated megacities, which eventually putting pressure on the existing water resources. The over-growing population and increasing living standard of people in the urban region of developed as well as developing countries such as Korea, China, Japan and India have witnessed a drastic change in terms of domestic water demand for the past few decades. In this study, we used the concept of potential surface water availability in the form of surface runoff for future vulnerability assessment. We focused on 42 megacities having population more than 5 million as per the United Nations (UN) census data 2020. The study shows that 30 out of 42 cities having more than 180L/p/d demand for domestic use based on various references. We have predicted the domestic water demand for all the cities on the basis of current per capita demand up to 2035 using UN projected population data. We found that the projected water demand in megacities such as Seoul, Busan, Shanghai, Ghuanzou are increasing because of high population as well as GDP growth rate. On the contrary, megacities of Japan considered in our stud shows less water demand in future due to decreasing trend of population. As per the past records provided by the local municipalities/authorities, we projected different scenarios based on the future supply for various megacities such as Chennai, Delhi, Karachi, Mumbai, Shanghai, Wuhan, etc. We found that the supply to demand ratio of these cities would be below 75% for future period and if such trend continues then the inhabitants will face serious water stress conditions. Outcomes of this study would help the local policy makers to adopt sustainable initiatives on urban water governance to avoid the severe water stress conditions in the vulnerable megacities.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
• /
• pp.138-142
• /
• 2005

The change of precipitation and temperature due to the global. warming eventually caused the variation of water availability in terms of potential evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and runoff. In this reason national long-term water resource planning should be considered the effect of climate change. Study of AOGCM-based scenario to proposed the plausible future states of the climate system has become increasingly important for hydrological impact assessment. Future climate changes over East Asia are projected from the coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model (AOGCM) simulations based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B2 scenarios using multi-model ensembles (MMEs) method (Min et al. 2004). MME method is used to reduce the uncertainty of individual models. However, the uncertainty increases are larger over the small area than the large area. It is demonstrated that the temperature increases is larger over continental area than oceanic area in the 21st century.

• 한국농공학회논문집
• /
• 제56권4호
• /
• pp.59-68
• /
• 2014

Climate change influences multiple environmental aspects, certain of which are specifically related to agricultural water resources such as water supply, water management, droughts and floods. Understanding the impact of climate change on reservoirs in relation to the passage of time is an important component of water resource management for stable water supply maintenance. Changes on rainfall and hydrologic patterns due to climate change can increases the occurrence of reservoir water shortage and affect the future availability of agricultural water resources. It is a main concern for sustainable development in agricultural water resources management to evaluate adaptation capability of water supply under the future climate conditions. The purpose of this study is to predict the sustainability of agricultural water demand and supply under future climate change by applying an irrigation vulnerability assessment model to investigate evidence of climate change occurrences at a local scale with respect to potential water supply capacity and irrigation water requirement. Thus, it is a recommended practice in the development of water supply management strategies on reservoir operation under climate change.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
• /
• 제48권8호
• /
• pp.647-657
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 국내 12개수계인 한강, 안성천, 금강, 삽교천, 영산강, 섬진강, 탐진강, 만경강, 동진강, 낙동강, 태화강, 형산강 유역에 대한 물이용 취약성 평가를 실시하였다. SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여 국내 12개 수계의 연유출량을 도출하였고, 각 유역별 면적 및 인구당 유출량을 비교하였다. 취약성 평가를 위해 18개 지표로 구성하였고, 물이용의 수요, 손실 및 공급의 측면으로 구분하였다. 이때의 가중치는 객관적 가중치의 적용을 위해 엔트로피(Entropy)방법을 사용하였고 정량적인 물이용 취약성 평가를 위해 다기준 의사결정기법 중 하나인 TOPSIS(Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) 기법을 적용하였다. 그 결과, 형산강의 물이용이 가장 취약하였고, 삽교천, 동진강, 섬진강, 안성천, 만경강, 낙동강, 탐진강, 영산강, 금강, 태화강, 한강 순이었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 기후변화 취약성 평가를 위한 지표 개발에 이용할 수 있겠다.

• 생태와환경
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.431-440
• /
• 2008

Turbid water or suspended sediment is associated with negative effects on aquatic organisms; fish, aquatic invertebrate, and periphyton. Effects of turbid water on fish differ depending on their developmental stage and a level of turbidity. Low turbid water may cause feeding and predation rates, reaction distance, and avoidance in fish, and it could make fish to die under high turbidity and long period. Therefore, it is very important to find out how turbid water or suspended sediment can affect fish in domestic watersheds. The objectives of this study were 1) to introduce international case studies and their standards to deal with suspended sediment, 2) to determine acute toxicity in 4 major freshwater fishes, and 3) to determine in relation to adverse effect of macroinvertebrates and fish. Impacts of turbid water on fish can be categorized into direct and indirect effects, and some factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, toxicity, temperature, life stage of fish, size of particle, time of occurrence, availability of and access to refugia, etc, play important role to decide magnitude of effect. A review of turbidity standard in USA, Canada, and Europe indicated that each standard varied with natural condition, and Alaska allowed liberal increase of turbidity over natural conditions in streams. Even though acute toxicity with four different species did not show any fatal effect, it should be considered to conduct a chronic test (long-term) for more detailed assessment. Compared to the control, dominance index of macroinvertebrates was greater in the turbid site, whereas biotic index, species diversity index, species richness index, and ecological score were smaller in the turbid site. According to histopathological analysis with gills of macroinvertebrate and fishes, morphological and physiological modification of gills due to suspended sediments can cause disturbance of respiration, excretion and secretion. In conclusion, in order to maintain good and healthy aquatic ecosystem, it is the best to minimize or prevent impact by occurrence of turbid water in stream and reservoir. We must make every effort to maintain and manage healthy aquatic ecosystem with additional investigation using various assessment tools and periodic biomonitoring of fish.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
• /
• pp.407-407
• /
• 2019

According to Asian Development Bank report Pakistan is among water scarce countries. Climate scenario on the basis IPCC fifth assessment report (AR5) revealed that annual mean temperature of Pakistan from year 2010-2019 was $17C^o$ which will rise up to $21C^o$ at the end of this century, similarly almost 10% decrease of annual rainfall is expected at the end of the century. It is a changing task in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan to meet the water demands of rapidly increasing population in a changing climate. While many studies have tackled scarcity and stream flow forecasting of the Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan, very few of them are related to socio-economic and climate change impact on sustainable water management of UIB. This study investigates the pattern of current and future surface water availability for various demand sites (e.g. domestic, agriculture and industrial) under different socio-economic and climate change scenarios in Upper Indus Basin (UIB) Pakistan for a period of 2010 to 2050. A state-of-the-art planning tool Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) is used to analyze the dynamics of current and future water demand. The stream flow data of five sub catchment (Astore, Gilgit, Hunza, Shigar and Shoyke) and entire UIB were calibrated and validated for the year of 2006 to 2011 using WEAP. The Nash Sutcliffe coefficient and coefficient of determination is achieved ranging from 0.63 to 0.92. The results indicate that unmet water demand is likely to increase severe threshold and the external driving forces e.g. socio-economic and climate change will create a gap between supply and demand of water.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.32-56
• /
• 2007

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to analyze possible impact upon manufacturing process and availability of products, and also study the environmental considerations and potential influence during entire life cycle ranging from procurement, production and utilization to treatment (namely, from cradle to tomb). Based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe manufacturing of company A, this case study would involve evaluation of environmental influence during the production process. When the manufacturing process has been improved during "production process" and "forming cooling" stage, it is found that capital input on "electric power" and "water supply" could be reduced, thus helping to sharpen the competitive power of company A, and also ensure sustainable economic and industrial development in accordance with national policies on environmental protection.