• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2006

The treatment performance and operational parameters of a tertiary wastewater treatment process a biological filtration system were investigated. The biological filtration system consisted of a nitrification filter (Fiter 1) and a polishing filter with anoxic and aerobic parts (Filter 2). SS, T-C-BOD, and T-N in effluent were kept stable at less than 3, 5 mg/L, and 5 mgN/L, respectively, under a HRT in Filter (filter-bed) of 0.37~2.3 h. T-N at the outlet of Filter 2 were about 1~5 mgN/L under the condition of LV of 50~202 m/d. In Filter 2, denitrification was accomplished under LV of 50~168 m/d in a 1 m filter-bed. However, the denitrification capacity reached the maximum when the linear velocity was increased to 202 m/d. Relationship between increase in microorganism and headloss was clearer in Filter 2. As a result, the denitrification rate increased from 1.0~2.3 kgN/($m^3-filter-bed{\cdot}d$) as the headloss increased. The COD removal rate was 6.0~9.6 kgCOD/($m^3-filter-bed{\cdot}d$) when operated with Filters 1 and 2. These results mean that captured bacteria contributed a part of COD consumption and denitrification. The maximum nitrification and denitrification rate was 0.5 and 4 kgN/($m^3-filter-bed{\cdot}d$) in Filter 1 and 2.The ratio of backwashing water to the treated water was about 5~10 %. In Filter 1, wasted sludge in backwashing was only 0.7~5.3 gSS/($m^3$-treated water). In Filter 2, added methanol was converted into sludge and its value was 8.0~24 gSS/($m^3$-treated water). These results proved that this process is both convenient to install as tertiary treatment and cost effective to build and operate.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2005년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1219-1223
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• 2005

This study was accomplished to confirm the possibility of supplying stream minimum flow from detention storage which was determined to reduce peak flows of flood within developing planned district. The results analyzed was summarized as follows; Firstly, Sin-gil district situated in Ansan city was selected, of which watershed area has $0.56km^2$. And detention storage was determined to $5,370m^3$ from analyzing flood volume by the SCS unit hydrograph method. Secondly, using Visual Basic ver 6.0, a detention storage water balance model was developed, in which simulation was based on conditioning storage inflow and outflow according to streamflow volume or rate state. And streamflow was simulated using the DAWAST model. Thirdly, detention operation scenarios were consisted of the combinations with inflow referencing streamflow of 5mm/day, 10mm/day and outflow referencing streamflow of 1mm/day, 2mm/day. The developed detention storage water balance model was operated to simulate daily water storages of detention sized on flood by scenarios. Stream minimum flows were able to be supplied during 209 days to 237 days per a year, total volume of stream minimum flows supplied for this period was analyzed to reach 27 to $55\% of yearly streamflow volume. If inflow criteria of streamflows to detention was considered to be established on a theoretical condition, it is expected to supply stream minimum flows of 20 to $30\% of yearly streamflow from stream to detention. Also to maximize function of supplying urban stream minimum flow from detention storages, sewage waters within developing planned district have to be treated and entered to detention inflow together with streamflows to enrich function of detention planned to reduce flood volumes.

• 농촌계획
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2002

This investigation aims to provide basic data for rural village planning and rehabilitation planning. Public infrastructures of forty selected villages have been surveyed. Provision of facilities, user satisfaction, perceived problems, and conditions of maintenance have been surveyed for three classified types of infrastructures; 1) public utility spaces such as community hall, and parking lots, 2) public production infrastructures such as warehouses, and irrigation facilities, and 3) public infrastructures for living environments such as roads, water supply, and sewage system. All twenty smaller villages (ki-cho-ma-ul) had problems of poor conditions and insufficient spaces with community halls. Most of the smaller villages suffered from lack of public production infrastructures, or had problems of insufficient spaces and poor maintenance conditions. They also lacked good access roads with adequate right of ways. Only three villages were provided with sewage systems. In the twenty larger villages (myun-bo-ma-ul), though public utility spaces were provided for most of them (as an example, sixteen villages had welfare centers), they were not large enough and they were maintained in poor condition too. On the one hand twelve of the larger villages had farm machine service centers, only a few villages were equipped with warehouses. Many more public infrastructures for living environments were found in larger villages. However, only a few villages had pollution control facilities. Multidimensional scaling revealed groups of distinctive characteristics, in terms of public infrastructures, among smaller villages. It did not show any noticeable distinctions among larger villages.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to compare community health status by region and to investigate related factors using community health and social indicators. Methods: Data were collected from statistics of local districts that were provided by KNSO and KCDC. ANOVA and correlation were analyzed using PASW 18.0. Results: The standardized cancer mortality rate was higher in metropolitan areas than in other areas. On the contrary, the mortality of respiratory disease, traffic accident, and suicide were higher in rural areas. Small cities and county districts showed higher prevalence in obesity prevalence than metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas presented higher prevalence in alcohol drinking during the previous month, perceived stress, and seat belt use. The age-adjusted standardized mortality rate was correlated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, percentage of the elderly, number of beds, number of social welfare facilities, number of registered cars, lower percentage of financial independence, number of doctors, and percentage of water supply service & sewage. Conclusion: Since significant differences in mortality rate and prevalence of health risk behaviors exist between regional areas and the mortality rate was correlated with other social indicators and health indicators, health policies and social policies considering these differences should be develop and implemented to the communities.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 2002

문화재 보존실은 문화재 병원과 같은 시설임에도 불구하고, 일반 사무실과 같은 기준에 따라 신설되는 것이 보통이다. 여기서는 보존실 신설시 고려해야 할 사항과 일반적인 조건들을 건축, 전기 및 조명, 공조, 소방, 기기분야로 구분해 간략하게 제시하였다. 이와함께 보존실 업무의 특성이 반영된 작업공간을 창출하는 요령으로서 처리실의 공간구획을 작업대를 기준으로 하고 기자재 배치시 상하수도 및 공조시설을 기준으로 하는 방법을 설명하였다. 처리실의 업무와 성격이 다양해 여기서 제시한 기준과 요령을 모든 경우에 적용하기는 어렵겠지만, 이러한 조건을 이해한 뒤 해당 보존실 업무의 전문성과 기능에 적당한 기준을 제시함으로서 처리실 신설계획 수립에 도움이 되었으면 한다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2020

The Onishi model is an objective indicator which can be used to evaluate the relevance of city environmental management in regard to the capacities and processing status of existing urban infrastructure. This study is to analyze the facility carrying capacity and processing status of Jeju Island, a famous tourist site in South Korea. General variables covered by the Onishi model are considered, including water supply, wastewater treatment, waste disposal, and air pollution. Furthermore, the facility carrying capacities for transportation, such as airports and ports, as well as accommodations are assessed as variables pertinent to the characteristics of Jeju island. With the annual number of tourists exceeding that of residents on the island, more facilities for sewage treatment and waste disposal are required. Furthermore, transportation and accommodations used by tourists have already exceeded their capacity. For the future sustainability of Jeju Island, a plan will be needed for adjusting the volume of tourists based on the capacity of each relevant facility.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-94
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• 2003

The purpose of this dissertation is to build a development density control model and estimate optimum developmental density level for a sustainable urban growth management. To develop the model, system dynamics modeling approach was used. The model was developed to analyze how urban growth, transition, and decay occur depending on the interaction among population, houses, industry structure, land and urban infrastructure such as road, water supply, and sewage treatment facilities. The model was applied to Anyang city to estimate optimum density level. Extensive computer simulation was conducted to find out the maximum numbers of population, industry structure, houses, and cars that can be adequately sustained with the current Anyang city's infrastructure capacity. The computer simulation result shows that the city is overpopulated by some 90,000 people. It nab analyzed that 20％ increase of existing capacity of urban infrastructure is necessary to support current population of Anyang city. To reduce the population to the adequate level whereby the current urban infrastructure can sustain, the current city regulation on floor area ratio needs be strengthened at least 20％ to 35%.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2012

In the present study, the biomass productivity of two green microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Dunaliella salina DCCBC2) were assessed in a 12 L tubular photobioreactor under optimum culture conditions. In the batch culture optimization process, the Chlorella sp. biomass was obtained as 1.2 g/L under atmospheric air as a sole $CO_2$ source and other culture conditions as follows: light intensity, temperature, pH, $NH_4Cl$ and $K_2HPO_4$ were 100 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$, $27^{\circ}C$, 7.0, 20.0 mM and 2.0 mM, respectively. On the other hand, 2.9 g/L of D. salina DCCBC2 biomass production was observed under the following conditions: light intensity, temperature, pH, $KNO_3$ and $K_2HPO_4$were 80 ${\mu}E/m^2/s$, $27^{\circ}C$, 8.0, 3.0 mM and 0.025 mM, respectively. At 1% $CO_2$ supply to the reactor, the Chlorella sp. production was reached 1.53 g/L with 25% increment under the same operating conditions. In addition, the maximum D. salina DCCBC2 biomass was observed as 3.40 g/L at 3% $CO_2$ concentration. Based on the aforementioned optimized conditions, the dilution rate and maximal biomass productivity of Chlorella sp. and D. salina DCCBC2 in the continuous cultivation were 0.4/d and 0.6 g/L/d and 0.6/d and 1.5 g/L/d, respectively.

• 농촌계획
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2018

The nonpoint pollution source (NPS) is irregular in the amount of generated and runoff. About 70% of the water pollution sources in Korea are NPS. Most of the rural areas are small towns with less than 50 families. This is where sewerage supply is poor. This is where the domestic swage of the house flows directly into the small stream. This study investigated the amount and concentration of domestic swage. And investigated NPS for public officials. We have suggested an improvement plan here. Local government officials lack the concept of NPS. Rural residents also do not know about NPS. Therefore, we proposed NPS public relations and education linked to public administration. This is an extension of the national budget and interest. The domestic swage is discharged at about 272 liters per day in a house. We proposed the introduction of small facilities. If the capacity remains, it is suggested to link to cattle shed, pigsty and so on. The BOD, COD, TN, TP, and SS concentrations were all high. This suggested a reduction in concentration in combination with natural water. Finally, NPS facilities were proposed to be put into rural areas. And it was determined that continuous monitoring was necessary. The results of this study were expected to be applied to NPS management.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.24-45
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• 1972

The Han River is an important water source in Seoul and neighbouring districts, for public and industrial supply, and for agriculture and fishery. Nowadays, more than six million inhabitants are supplied withe water from this river. The total length of the river is 470km, and has 17 10$\^$9/㎥ an average annual flow. The hydrographic characteristics at Seoul are 653㎥/sec in an average flow, 4,608㎥/sec in the maximum average flow, and 201㎥/sec in the minimum average flow. These are influenced in some degree by snowmelt in early spring, and greatly by the flood during summer. For the pollution problems, the periods of low flow are critical ones. As a rule they occur around the months November through June. Nowadays, most of the sewage from towns and industries is discharged untreated. Apart from domestic and industrial sewages, there are some discharges of mineral matter by mines in the upriver region. In general, water quality of the Han River is kept very clean and healthy until Kwangnaru of the upper region of Seoul. A large pollution, however, is received in the downstream by the domestic and industrial sewages of Seoul. It can be seen that dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD$\sub$5/ diminish markedly, and the intensity of almost every water parameter of the river continues to increase. Comparison of the figures for 1971 derived from a sampling point 40km downstream of Kwangnaru leads to the conclusion that hardness, Ca and Mg were no changed; alkalinity, Si and soluble- Fe were slightly increased; CO$\sub$2/, acidity, Cl, NO$\sub$2/-N, Cu, Zn and Al were increased in 2 and 3 times; total residue, total ignitious residue, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, NH$\sub$4/-N, PO$\sub$4/-P, Mn, Pb and total-Fe were increased in 4 to 7 times; and SO$\sub$4/, particulate-Fe and Cd were increased in 10 to 11 times. On the other hand, coliforms were increased in 650 times; fecal coliforms in 365 times; enterococci and total plate counts in 30 times, respectively. In view points of water quality standards, the down Han River water is now leveling out in Cd, coliforms and fecal coliforms for the agricultural use; in dissolved oxygen and some trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) for the fishery use; in ammonia, COD, BOD$\sub$5/, and Cd for the drinking use.