• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.825-833
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• 2011

Forty-five Hisex commercial layers and forty-five local Saudi breed layers were used to determine the acceptable limit of short-term water restriction in the late phase of production, when the problem of high feed and water consumption is expected. The experiment was performed under hot and arid environmental conditions when the layers were at fifty weeks of age. Layers from each breed were randomly assigned in groups of five into nine floor pens. The average environmental temperature was 37.2-$38.6^{\circ}C$, and the relative humidity was between 20 to 37%. The trial was divided into 3 periods; control (1 week), water restriction (2 weeks) and rehydration (1 week). During the restriction period, layers from each breed were divided into three groups that received 20, 40, and 0% restriction of drinking water relative to their consumed water during the control period. During the study, feed and water consumption, body weight, changes in body weight, egg production, primary antibody response to SRBC, and rectal temperature were evaluated. Water restriction did not result in any clear effect on feed intake in either breed, however, commercial layers tended to consume less feed compared to the local breed. Body weight declined with water restriction during the first week of restriction in the commercial breed regardless of rate of restriction, but it was delayed until the second week in the local breed. Water restriction of 40% decreased egg production in both breeds but with a delay of 1 week in the local breed. Antibody level to SRBC was not affected by water restriction in the commercial line while it was highly affected in the local breed. A water restriction of 20% is considered to be an acceptable limit under the current experimental conditions without a negative effect on egg production in both breeds and considering the immune status of the local breed. Whereas, 40% restriction had a negative effect on egg production, and varied effects in the other traits in both breeds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.974-980
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• 2014

In semi-arid areas of Southern Africa, dehydration can compromise the performance and welfare of local chickens, particularly during the growing period when confinement is curtailed and birds are left to scavenge for feed and water. The effect of water restriction on the growth performance was compared in Naked Neck (NNK) and Ovambo (OVB) chickens that are predominant in Southern Africa. A total of 54 eight-wk-old pullets each of NNK and OVB chickens with an initial average weight of $641{\pm}10g/bird$ were randomly assigned to three water intake treatments, each having six birds for 8 wk. The water restriction treatments were ad libitum, 70% of ad libitum and 40% of ad libitum intake. Nine experimental pens with a floor space of $3.3m^2$ per strain were used. The pens were housed in an open-sided house with cement floor deep littered with a 20 cm layer of untreated wood shavings. Feed was provided ad libitum. Average daily water intake (ADWI), BW at 16 weeks of age (FBW), ADG, ADFI, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and water to feed ratios (WFR) were determined. Ovambo chickens had superior (p<0.05) FBW, ADG and ADWI than NNK chickens. Body weight of birds at 16 weeks of age, ADG, ADFI, ADWI, and WFR declined progressively (p<0.05) with increasing severity of water restriction while FCR values increased (p<0.05) as the severity of water restriction increased. Naked Neck chickens had better FCR at the 40% of ad libitum water intake level than Ovambo chickens. The dressing percentage per bird was higher in water restricted birds than those on ad libitum water consumption, irrespective of strain. Heart weight was significantly lower in birds on 40% of ad libitum water intake than those on ad libitum and 70% of ad libitum water intake, respectively. In conclusion, NNK chickens performed better than OVB chickens under conditions of water restriction and would be ideal to raise for meat and egg production in locations where water shortages are a major challenge.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.81-91
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• 1998

Water level of irrigation reservoir during the flood season could be kept to a certain level, so called, flood control level by releasing the flood inflow in advance in order to reduce the peak discharge of next coming flood and the damage of inundation. Concept of restriction intensity of water supply was introduced to evaluate the influence of flood control volume on the irrigation water supply. Restriction intensity can be calculated by multiplying the ratio of restriction to the days of restriction which are obtained from the operation rule curve and daily water level of irrigation reservoir and it has the dimension of % day. The method of restriction intensity was applied to the Yedang irrigation reservoir with the observed data of 30 years to review whether the present flood control volume is reasonable or not, and suggest the optimal flood control volume, if possible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.07b
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• pp.1266-1269
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• 2004

The introduction of invasive marine species into new environments by ship's ballast water, attached to ships' hulls and via other vectors has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans by Global Environment Facility (GEF). EMO (International Maritime Organization) is carrying out the international restriction of the effluence suppression and treatment of Ship's ballast water by Ballast Water Management Convention. In this paper, to deal with this international restriction convention and to consider economic potential of ship's ballaster treatment market near future, the equipment and technology of ship's ballaster water treatment was studied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.951-955
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• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

In order to characterize the genetic diversity of bacterial community in groundwater, samples were collected from used for drinking water and polluted with heavy metal wastewater in Seoul city and natural cave of Kangwondo. The DNA was amplified with 165 rDNA-based primers by use of the PCR, and then analysed ARDRA (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis). Restriction endonuclease analysis patterns of amplified 165 rDNA in drinking water and wastewater relatively showed high genetic diversity in situ and drinking groundwater. The number of DNA fragments varied with in situ and drinking water. This method of ARDRA of bacterial communities in groundwater could be used for a quick assessment of genotypic changes between different locations reflecting different environmental conditions and the diversity reflected pollution of groundwater (natural cave water>drinking water>waste water, as in order of grade). [Genetic diversity, Groundwater, 165 rDNA, PCR, ARDRA].

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.366-386
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• 2013

This paper analyzes the drought and restriction on water supply in Taebaek City during the winter season in 2008 using Actor-Network Theory. Actor-Network Theory emphasizes and brings into view the role and act of non-human actors as well as human actors in various environmental issues. The fact that only Taebaek experienced restriction on water supply for 88 days although the winter season drought in 2008 affected the whole nation, requires a synthetic analysis of both human and non-human actors and their relationships and networks embedded in Taebaek City at that time. This paper shows that both human and non-human actors including Taebaek City Hall, Korea Water Resource Corporation, Taebaek citizen, the water supply facilities, Gwangdongdam, obsolete water pipes, the topography of Taebaek, soil, the change of industry, and population interact one another transforming the geography of water in Taebaek. This study helps to understand the complex processes related to drought disasters at a specific local scale and to provide appropriate measures to drought.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.152-158
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water restriction (WR) on physiological and blood parameters in lactating dairy cows reared under Mediterranean climate. Methods: The trial lasted 16 days preceded by two weeks of adaptation to the experimental condition in spring 2014 on 6 dairy cows in mid-lactation. These cows were allowed water ad libitum for 4 days (W100) (hydration period), then split into 2 groups, one group has received 25% and the other 50% of water compared to their mean water consumption during the hydration period; then rehydrated for 4 days. Feed intake and physiological parameters: respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded twice a day. Blood was collected once a day and analyzed for serum concentration of glucose (Glc), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), urea (Ur), creatinine (Crea), and total protein (TP) by enzymatic colorimetric method and cortisol (Cort) by radioimmunoassay. Results: Total dry matter intake (TDMI) was affected by WR. A decrease in TDMI was observed in WR groups compared to W100 group (effect, group, period, day, $group{\times}day$, $period{\times}day$: p<0.001). Also, WR resulted in a significant increase in RR, HR, RT in WR groups than in W100 group (effect, group: p<0.001). In addition, an increase in the serum concentration of Glc, TG, Chol, Ur, Crea, TP, and Cort was noted in WR groups (effect, group, period, day: p<0.001). Conclusion: This study has shown the ability of cows raised in a Mediterranean climate to cope with different levels of WR and thus reach a new equilibrium. As result, elucidates the important role of water as a limiting factor for livestock in environments with low water availability.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2000

This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of root restriction on growth of maple(Acer palmatum Thumb.). Tow types of container such as clay pot(CP), root control bag(RCB) were used to restrict maple's root and each type of container was divided into 5 sizes. The containers with plants were buried just below the soil level and maples planted directly in the soil (nonrestricted root treatment) were included as comparison. Data were collected on dry weight of leaf, trunk, thick root, rootlet and soil water potential. We have analyzed, simple linear regression, Pearson's Correlation analysis, Duncan's multiple rang test, and Covariance Analysis using SAS statistical software. The results of analysis based on these data are as follows; 1. Total dry weight of maple in CP was significantly larger than in RCB. 2. Difference in growth reduction by the kinds of containers was induced by different hydraulic diffusion ratios between container and soil. Difference in growth reduction by the size of container was induced by the difference density of rootlet and soil moisture contents in the container. 4. Commercial products of root control of root control bag appeared not proper for countries in which fluctuation of rainfall is severe. Because maples in RCB were restricted by excess soil water in the rainy season, or by lack of soil water in the dray season.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 2018

Primary polydipsia (PP) is marked by an increase in thirst, and most often presents in patients with psychiatric illnesses. Although uncommon in children, we experienced cases of PP in a 15-month-old boy and a 5-year-old girl. Both were admitted to the hospital with symptoms of polydipsia and polyuria that appeared 1-3 months before admission. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in both patients was normal. A water restriction test was performed after hospitalization and showed normal results. The symptoms improved after the parents were instructed to implement water-intake restriction for 2 weeks. Our report provides useful information for the treatment of PP in children.