• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2012

This study aims to investigate characteristics of water quality factors by using survey results of national marine environmental monitoring system from 2004 to 2010 at coastal area of the East Sea of Korea. In this study, we chose statistical methods to analyze the correlation among water quality parameters and principal component analysis for characteristics of each water environment. In addition to this, we evaluated each water's pollution level based on eutrophication standard of OECD, Eutrophication Index(EI), and Organic Pollution Index(OPI). Major factors were chlorophyll a and salt according to the analysis at coastal area of the East Sea. The sea was divided into the south and the central part by Jukbyeon. Also, Jukbyeon in the central part of the East Sea and Gampo in the southern sea coastal waters have been classified separately. The nutritional status of coastal area of East Sea presented Mesotrophic to Oligotrophic level and EI showed less than 1. OPI in all of the coastal area at the East Sea represented that the water quality condition was favorable.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1997

Nowadays, the environmental conservation has become a hot issue. Also the sustainable city issue is recognized as one of the most important tasks to be solved urgently for urban development. Therefore, the current indicator for sustainable city has been analyzed only as a segment of the environmental indicator which is one kind of branch of social indicator. However, considering the degree of pollution and heightened concern, it is time to develop a new and improved framework for the analysis of the sustainable city indicator. This study aims for the development of sustainable city indicator and the examination of practical method for the use of them. Urban sustainable city indicators are based on the "Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework" which has been adopted by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The indicators suggested in this study is composed of the following categories: 1. Indicators of natural environment itself, such as land structure (available land use index etc.), bio-species (bio-diversity index etc.), environment resources (water quantity index etc.) 2. Indicators of relationship between man and environment, such as sustainability of using material (recycle of water index etc.), pressure size (pressure index on air etc.), effort of prevention (environmental basic facility index, etc.) 3. Indicators of environmental state, such as landscape and culture (historical & cultural index etc.), environmental pollution (air pollution index etc.) A sustainable city environment is necessary and obtainable, yet its realization seems to be difficult. The urban pollution problems have become more serious than ever before thus requiring much interest. Therefore, this kind of study is meaningful for the establishment of policy objective, and the development and management environmentally sound and sustainable cities.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.303-316
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• 2009

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from eight different streams in South Korea were analyzed to compare community and biological indices across different levels of water pollution. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to provide overview on association of the proposed indices. The sample sites were accordingly clustered according to the gradient of pollution on the SOM. While the general trends of the indices were commonly observable according to different levels of pollution, the detailed differences among the indices were also illustrated on the SOM. The conventional diversity and evenness indices tended to be high even though the water quality state was poor representing relatively weak gradient at polluted sites, while the index presenting the saprobic degree such as family biotic index showed the stronger gradient at the polluted area and was robust to present the gradient. Our results also confirmed the general characterization of two indices: The Shannon index is more strengthened by the number of species occurring at the sample sites, while the Simpson index is more influenced by the degree of evenness among the species. The patterning based on the SOM was efficient in comparatively characterizing the proposed indices to present ecological states and water quality.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2008

It is desirable that implementation assessment (IA) should be carried out efficiently in order to make successful progress of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) in watershed management. There are many difficulties in the process of the implementation assessment because of the early stage in the application of TMDL in Korea. This study reviewed the present status of IA and proposed the methodology of its improvement such as flexible application of TMDL ledger, and standardization of assessment index and criteria. The deficient time for assessment period could be corrected by the consideration of the post-procedure after the submission of IA report.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.148-154
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• 2010

In this study, a method for river water quality evaluation by algal examination was investigated. For development of this method, algae living in small rural streams in Gwangcheon-Cheon were collected and observed by microscope. Samples were collected at six stations from May 2008 to May 2009. To elucidate the relationship between pollution and the algal species, diatom grasps were collected from the streams and used to determine the water quality grade. The numerical EC value was compared with the value of DAIpo (Diatom Assemblage Index of Organic Water Pollution), and the results showed a tendency to a mutually inverse relationship. Further, the numerical BOD and COD values were compared to the DAIpo value. The results showed that, various diatoms reside in Gwangcheon-Cheon, and water quality was found to be second-grade at all the examined points. These results indicate pollution of streams by livestock wastewater; however continuous monitoring will be necessary to more definitely determine the reason for the Gwangcheon-Cheon pollution.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2017

The primary purpose of this research is to understand those elements that define heavy metals contamination and to propose a novel assessment method based on principal component analysis (PCA) in the Yangping River region of Lingbao City, China. This paper makes detailed calculations regarding such factors the single-factor assessment ($P_i$) and Nemerow's multi-factor index ($P_N$) of heavy metals found in the surface water of the Yangping River. The maximum values of $P_i$ (Cd) and $P_i$ (Pb) were determined to be 892.000 and 113.800 respectively. The maximum value of $P_N$ was calculated to be 639.836. The results of Pearson's correlation analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and PCA indicated heavy metal groupings as follows: Cu, Pb, Zn and As, Hg, Cd. The PCA-based pollution index ($P_{an}$) of samplings was subsequently calculated. The relative coefficient square was valued at 0.996 between $P_{an}$ and $P_N$, which indicated that $P_{an}$ is able to serve as a new heavy metal pollution index; not only this index able to eliminate the influence of the maximum value of $P_i$, but further, this index contains the principal component elements needed to evaluate heavy metal pollution levels.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.531-539
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• 2013

In order to apply a water quality indicator as a certain target pollutant, the indicator should have the representability of an index for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Scientific groundwork and treatment technologies also should be provided for the application of the indicator. This study analyzed the applicability of major water quality indicators for target pollutants. The results showed that four water quality indicators of TOC, T-N, SS & T-Coli can be considered as target pollutants besides existing BOD and T-P. These indicators can be applied with the preparations such as essential basic data, pollution load estimation framework as well as legal criteria setting when the need is raised. As the importance of TOC, which is considered as a replacement of BOD, is emphasized, technical and institutional terms are being prepared in order to determine TOC as another target pollutant in the near future. It could be considered to combine TOC with BOD for the time being during the $3^{rd}$ stage of TMDLs in view of the present conditions for the management of TOC. TOC can be the most effective index for the organic matter and help to be managed more systematically in the waterbodies where rivers and lakes are mutually connected.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.514-536
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• 2018

GPI (Group Pollution Index) using 29 indicator groups of Korean benthic macroinvertebrates was proposed in 1992, a higher category taxa-level index developed for rapid field assessment of organic water pollution. This study was performed to revise the assessment scheme of GPI based on taxonomic performance and ecological information accumulated since 1992. The original GPI was renamed SBMI (Simple Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index), and SBMI was based on saprobic valency of 26 indicator groups composed of higher category taxa (mainly family ~ phylum) excluding some genus or species-level taxa. SBMI revealed highly significant correlation with concentration of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand ($BOD_5$) (correlation coefficient r = 0.78, n = 569 sites), total suspended solids (r = 0.69), and total phosphorus (r = 0.77). Also, SBMI revealed strong correlation with Shannon-Weaver's species diversity (r = -0.85), Margalef's species richness (r = -0.85), and McNaughton's dominance (r = 0.83). Determination coefficient of SBMI to concentration of water quality items and values of community indices such as species diversity was 3 ~ 8 % and approximately 11 ~ 14 % higher than that of GPI, respectively. Correlation between SBMI and water quality factors or community indices such as species diversity did not reveal much difference compared to that of species-level indices, such as BMI (Benthic Macroinvertebrates Index) and ESB (Ecological Score of Benthic Macroinvertebrates). SMBI is a simple-qualitative index with higher category taxa easily identified, and is applicable for rapid field assessment of water environment impairment.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.155-171
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• 2011

The research assessed water quality using physico-chemical factors, trophic status index and attached diatom index in 10 reservoirs located in Chungcheongnam-do from October 2007 to June 2008. The physico-chemical water quality assessments revealed that Dangjin-gun (St. 1~5), which displayed a high chemical oxygen demand (V and VI) and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (Eutrophic-Hypereutrophic), was more polluted than Yesan and Cheongyang-gun. The sample were also hypereutrophic [trophic status index (TSI) 74.6] and ${\beta}$-mesosaprobic [diatom assemblage index to the organic water pollution (DAIpo) 44.47]. Yesan and Cheongyang-gun. Which were mid-level in their pollution status, were eutrophic (TSI 56.9) and ${\alpha}$-oligosaprobic (DAIpo 60.11). TSI correlated strongly with the attached diatom index (of DAIpo 0.60~0.62, and trophic diatom index of 0.72~0.74). Hence, the attached diatom index can be used with the trophic status assessment of lakes using TSI, and lake trophic status index (LTSI).

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.489-496
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• 2011

The water pollution such as oil spill from stream and river because of car accidents have been frequent cases in the watershed of Dam. However we don't have any simulation methods about flow modeling on the watershed and stream tree. In this study aims to analyze water pollution accidents area on impact range for ANDONG-Dam. The focused watershed and the risk range of path analysis model was designed by GIS database. The frequency of transportation accidents which may occur from road accidents in the level of quantitative and qualitative analysis to map flow analysis using ArcHydro Model and Open Geospatial Consortium(OGC) API. and the path way from the accident point to the reservoir stayed on the path was simulated. The area of risk accessment index was displayed with cell and grid of dam area.