• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8645-8652
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• 2016

Background: Consumption of tobacco in the form of a water pipe has recently increased, especially among young people. This study aimed to develop a scale which would be used in order to detect perceptions about the effects of water pipe smoking on health and to test its validity and reliability. Our scale named "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was developed in order to detect factors effecting the perception of adolescents about the effects of water pipe smoking on health. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 150 voluntary students in scale development and 750 voluntary students in the study group. Data were collected via a questionnaire prepared by researchers themselves and 5-pont Likert scale for "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" which was prepared through the literature. Data evaluation was carried out on a computer with SPSS. Results: The findings of the study showed that "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was valid and reliable. Total score average of the adolescents participated in the study was $58.5{\pm}1.25$. The mean score of the ones who did not smoke water pipe ($60.1{\pm}11.7$) was higher than the mean score of the ones who smoked water pipe ($51.6{\pm}13.8$), the difference being statistically significant. Conclusions: It is established that "a scale of perception about the effects of water pipe smoking on health" was a reliable and valid measurement tool. It is also found out that individuals who smoked a water pipe had a lower level of perception of water pipe smoking effects on health than their counterparts who did not smoke a water pipe.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2014

본 논문은 수자원 정책이 우리 경제에 미치는 파급 효과를 추정하기 위해 사회계정행렬을 적용한 연구이다. 수자원부문의 사회계정행렬 작성에는 "2009년 산업연관표"와 "2009년 국민계정", "2009년 가계소비실태조사" 등의 통계 자료 등이 활용되었다. 승수분석을 이용하여 수자원부문의 정책 효과를 추정한 결과, 1) 총산출 승수 효과는 5.300~7.741, 2) 부가가치 승수 효과는 0.685~1.158, 3) 가계소득 승수 효과는 0.511~0.984, 4)가계소득 재분배 승수 효과는 -0.096~0.247과 같았다. 본 연구결과는 수자원부문이 우리나라 경제 및 가계에 미치는 효과를 분석하는 데 있어 유의미하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1295-1300
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• 2007

The antibacterial effects of anodic electrolyzed water against various bacteria were studied in this investigation. Complete inactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria occurred within 15 s after exposure to anodic electrolyzed water. Moreover, 1/2, 1/5 and 1/10 diluted anodic electrolyzed water by adding deionized water showed strong antibacterial effects. However, the inhibitory effect of anodic electrolyzed water on the anaerobe of Propionibacterium acnes was much weaker than that on the aerobes, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The degraded fragments of E. coli cell were observed upon treating anodic electrolyzed water for 1 min by using scanning electron microscopy.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.842-846
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• 2013

In 2012, the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) added 3 new water quality standards for the protection of human health; specifically, regarding 1,4-dioxane, formaldehyde, and hexachlorobenzene. In this study, we assimilated the water quality standards of these 3 substances from other countries, with respect to surface water quality standards for human health protection and drinking water standards. We subsequently investigated how these standard values were derived. 1,4-Dioxane is managed as an environmental standard for human health in Japan, and as a drinking water quality standard in WHO, New Zealand, and Japan with respect to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. In New York, the oncogenic effects of formaldehyde in drinking water intake is considered, whereas WHO, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan also assess the non-carcinogenic effects of formaldehyde when setting their standards. USEPA and New York have a water quality standard for human health protection with respect to hexachlorobenzene based on carcinogenic effects. This study focuses on deriving water quality standards for the 3 new substances, or obtaining baseline information to revise the values of existing substances in the future.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.228-237
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• 2005

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the red water reducing effects of phosphate based inhibitor when it was applied to water distribution system. The effects of pH, alkalinity, calcium concentration in the reduction of the red water also studied. The most finished water in Korea showed relatively high corrosiveness and was required to introduce some types of corrosion reducing methods such as addition of alkalinity. The precipitation of $CaCO_3$ by addition of $Ca(OH)_2$ formed porous film on the surface of the carbon steel pipes and was displaced easily from the surface of the pipes; on the other hand, addition of zinc phosphate (ZOP) formed reliable film on the surface and reduced iron release and color. Although the main function of ZOP was to suppress the release of Pb and Cu, it also reduced iron concentration released from water distribution pipes.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.955-960
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• 2002

The recycled washwater, which has different water quality and is produced about 5 to 20% of the total water volume treated, affects the unit operation of water treatment, especially coagulation process. However, the effects of recycled washwater on unit operation of water treatment have not been fully investigated. In this study, effects of recycled washwater on coagulation process were investigated to find the optimum coagulation condition by analyzing turbidity, $UV_{254}$, TOC removal efficiencies. In addition, effects of recycled washwater on residual Al after coagulation were studied by analyzing soluble and particulate Al. The size distribution and fractal dimension of coagulated also analyzed. The recycled washwater was lower pH than the raw water. And the recycled washwater had higher $UV_{254}$, TOC and residual Al concentration than the raw water. Residual Al concentration of recycled washwater was about 50 times higher than that of raw water. Optimum coagulant dosages on the blending recycled washwater and the raw water for turbidity, $UV_{254}$ and Al removal were lower than that on the raw water. However, TOC removal increased by increasing coagulant dosage. The size and fractal dimension of coagulated particle produced in the blending recycled washwater were larger, which imply faster settling velocity, than those produced in the raw water only.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.385-389
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• 2000

알로에 베라(Aloe vera)와 아보레센스(Aloe avoresence)를 증류수, 메탄올, 에탄올, 헥산 및 에칠에테르로 각각 추출한 후 이들 용매별 추출물을 수용성 분획과 비수용성 분획으로 분리하여 NDP에 대한 항변이원성을 검색하였다. 알로에 베라와 아보레센스의 수용성 획분 모두 직접 변이원 물질인 NPD에 대하여 4~56%의 항변이 효과를 보였다. 반면, 알로에 베라의 용매별 비수용성 분획은 TA97 및 TA98 균주에서 54~100%의 높은 활성을 보였다. 특히 에칠에테르 추출물은 두 시험균주 모두에서 항변이 활성이 높게 나타났다. 알로에 아보레센스의 비수용성 분획은 74~100%의 높은 항변이 활성을 나타내었는데, 시료를 plate당 20 $\mu$ι 투여했을 때 모든 추출물들이 두 시험균주에서 90% 이상의 높은 항변이 활성을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.255-277
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• 1998

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijiwangtang(六味地黃湯) and Palmijihwang-tang(八味地黃湯) water extracts applied at the meridian points BL 23(賢兪) and GV 4(命門) to test the renal function in normal rats. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang water extract at the merdian point BL 23 group, there were significant changes in water balance and urine volume over a 1 week period; Both decreasing and decreasing trends were exihibited. Urinary excretion of sodium and free water clearance changed significantly over a 2 week period; Both decreasing and increasing trends were exihibited, Urinary excretion of potassium, chloride and creatinine, plasma renin activity, plasma levels of aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide showed no significant differences compared to the contral group. 2. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Palmljihwangtang water extract at the merdian point BL 23 group, there were significant changes in water balance and free water clearance over a 2 week period; a decreasing trend. Urinary excretion of creatinine changed significantly over a 2 week period; an increasing trend. Urinary excretion of chloride changed significantly over 1 week period; an increasing trend. The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide changed significantly over 1 and 2 week period; an increasing trend. Urine volume, urinary excretion of sodium and pottasium, plasma renin activity and plasma level of aldosterone showed no significant differences compared to the control group. 3. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang water extract at the meridian point GV 4 group, there was significant decrease in water balance over a 2 week period; there was significant decrease in urine volwne and urinary excretion of sodium and creatinine over a 1 week period, followed by an increasing trend after 2 weeks. Urinary excretion of free water clearance demonstrated significant changes over both 1 and 2 week period; both increasing and decreasing trends were exihibited. Urinary excretion of chloride and plasma levels of aldosterone increased significantly over 1 and 2 week period. Plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide also decreased significantly. Plasma renin activity showed no significant differences compared to the control group. 4. Among the effects of Aqua-Acupuncture of Palmijihwangtang water extract at the meridian point GV 4 group, water balance and urinary excretion of chloride, plasma levels of aldosterone decreased significantly over both 1 and 2 week period. Urine volume and urinary excretion of pottasium decreased significantly. Urinary excretion of creatinine and urinary excretion of sodium changed significantly over both 1 and 2 week period. Urinary excretion of free water clearance, plasma renin activity and plasma level of atrial natriuretic peptide showed no significant differences compared to the control group. Seeing these results, I come to know that the effects Aqua-Acupuncture of Yukmijihwangtang and Palmijihwangtang water extracts at the meridian point BL 23 and GV 4 have affected the renal function differently. Seeing the results that BL 23 is a meridian point for Aqua-Acupuncture directly related to the kidney, I think, we can use Aqua-Acupuncture of Yuk-mijihwangtang and Palmijihwangtang water extracts to prevent and to treat the diseases related to kidney.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.554-566
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• 2008

Objectives : Modified Gamgil-tang is a prescription commonly used for respiratory diseases. This thesis was carried out to check the treatment effects and diversity of drug formulation by comparing extraction method of ethanol and water of modified Gamgil-tang. Methods : All experiments were carried out with water and 50% ethanol extraction for comparison. In vivo experiment, hyaluronidase inhibitory effects and trypsin inhibitory effects were tested to measure the anti-inflammatory effects activity. Scavenging effects of DPPH free radical, xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects and inhibition on TBA-RS formation were experimented to measure anti-oxidative effects. With the in vivo experiment, ICR group mice and SD group rats were used as experimental animals. An anti-inflammatory effects experiment were carried out to measure the action on carrageenin-induced hind paw edema: analgesic effects were measured using writhing syndrome induced by 0.7% acetic acid in mice: antipyretic effect was measured using endotoxin, and inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine were measured. Results : For extraction of glycyrrhizin contents, ethanol extract was extracted 2 times of that of water extract. Anti-inflammatory effects showed high in ethanol extract. Anti-oxidative effects measured high in ethanol extract. No significant result was found in inhibition on TBA-RS formation. Analgesic effects were found to be similar in water and ethanol extract. Antipyretic effects were found to be stronger in water extract. Inhibitory effects of increase vascular permeability induced by 0.5% histamine showed stronger in ethanol extract. Conclusion : By measuring anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, antipyretic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects both in water extract and ethanol extract after adding agents such as Mentha Herba, Gardenias Fructus, and propolis to existing Gamgil-Tang, ethanol extract was found to be more effective in anti-inflammatory effects, analgesic effects, anti-oxidative effects, and histamine permeation inhibition effects. The converse was found for antipyretic effect.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.33-47
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• 1991

1. Water supply treatment plants personnel could not test the water quality control, because most of them rely on the provincial health laboratories about water quality rely rant test. However, in future, plants have to been provided the facilities and equipment of water quality laboratory. 2. Chlorination methods are 89.5% of liquid chlorine and 10.5% of solid chlorine, and the cost per 1 $\m^{3}$ of chlorination is about 1.30 won which chlorination cost is very cheap as 1/142 of drinking water production cost. Input method of chlorine is 35% of automatic method, 56% of semi-automatic, and 9% of other methods, and this is no problem 3. Residual effects of chlorination, in the case of distilled water as a standardized material and 0.2 ppm of seperated residual chlorine, were continued 32 hours in $0^{\circ}C$, and 25 hour in $20^{\circ}C$, of water temperature and in the case of 0.4 ppm of seperated residual chlorine were continued 47 hours in $0^{\circ}C$ and 23 hours in $20^{\circ}C$. 4. In the case of 4 ppm of seperated residual chlorine, residual effects were continued 23 hours in $5^{\circ}C$, 90 hours in $10^{\circ}C$, 78 hours in $15^{\circ}C$, and 60 hours in $20^{\circ}C$ : by the temper; lure of water, continuing residual effects of chlorination are different, so we have to car for the warm season chlorination in the hider temperature. 5. Chlorination effects of drinking waters in the case of 0.4 ppm of seperated residual chlorine were continued 237 hours in $22^{\circ}C$ water : and in the case of rechlorination as 4 ppm of residual chlorine, continued 71 hours in $22^{\circ}C$ water.