• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.151-160
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• 2018

Waxes currently used as a coating material to preserve surfaces of outdoor iron sculptures tend to face lower coating strength and efflorescence due to the aging from air pollution and acid rains. Consequently, they are subjected to repeated corrosions shortly after the treatment. And the sculptures face the problem losing their original nature because of the changes of colors and lusters, so this convergence study aims at developing wax with better performance than the existing materials. For this reason, the study identified the effects of physical property using the environmental experiments such as the tests of salt spray and gas corrosion as well as the analysis of luster level and thermo-gravimetry. As this study result, the developed ISC wax showed the excellent blocking effect from salt water and coating durability more than five times compared with the existing waxes, better acid resistance by two-four times, sun block effect by 2-10 times, improved luster variance by 3-16 times, improved thermo-stability and durability by 0.5-5 times, and therefore demonstrating far better coating effect than the existing waxes. In the light of these findings, this study contributes for this new development which can replace the existing waxes used so far in order to preserve the outdoor iron sculptures.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.192-199
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• 2004

The mycelial mass of K. mutabilis greatly increased at pH 5.5~6.0 but decreased pH 6.0. The linear mycelial growth wsa mostly supported on sawdust of Quercus accutisima and the mycelial density wsa high on sawdust of Q. accutisima and corn cob. Much mycelial distribution could be showen in ray parenchyma cell and ray tracheid. Severe degradation of ray parenchyma cell was found but little degradation of ray tracheid cell was found. The dry weight loss wsa 5.9% after agar-block test. And the pH wsa acidified from 6.07 to 4.31 and hot water extractives was decreased after degradation of Q. serrata sawdust by K. mutabilis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.463-472
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• 1998

The survey was carried out in order to delineate the occurrence of ore deposits and the mineralized characteristics in the Estancia de la Virgen area through the 1:2,000 scaled geological mapping and topographic measuring surveys. Gold-silver mineralization is in the fault block developed between the San Agustin Fault and Cabanas Fault. It is associated with ore bearing quartz veins controlled by the fault structure. The contents of Au and Ag range from traces up to 72 g/t and 180 g/t respectively. According to traversing the outcrops, the quartz veins are traced by 0.5 Km trended to north and south. In those extended part, they continue for 1,000 m intermittently. Gold-silver mineralization could be divided into three stages. In the first stage, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite were formed with the primary silver and gold associated with galena and copper sulfides respectively. In the second stage, Cu-Bi-Au-Ag bearing sulfides such as chalcocite, covellite, and linarite are formed and usually deposited on the cataclastic fractures of galena and/or chalcopyrite. In the third stage, both the carbonation of galena and sphalerite and the sulphatization of galena, took place in the surface environment. And then primary silver was carried away off and was deposited on galena and/or copper sulfides during oxidation near the water table. Low partitionings of Fe in sphalerite assist that the minerals were formed at the relatively low temperature, which is coincided with previously reported homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.399-402
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• 1996

Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy (ETS) has recently become estabilished as a successful treatment for severe palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. Descriptions have been published of neurolytic, operative and alternative endoscopic procedures involving thermocoagulation, laser coagulation, or or nonvideo-assisted ganglionectomy using equipment not widely available, with low morbidity and excellent results. All methods have advantage and disadvantages. A 19-year-old male who suffered from severe hyperhidrosis on face, palms and axillary areas, has been initially treated with stellate ganglion block in other pain clinic. He was transfered to our pain clinic for endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. The patient was intubated left side 34 Fr. double lumen tube and positioned left semi-lateral position for right sympathectomy. Right side pneumothorax was created by clamping the ipsilateral side of the double lumen tube and aspiration of air. 11-mm trocar was introduced through incision at the third intercostal space in anterior axillary line, and then additional two 11-mm and 5-mm trocar was introduced through second and fifth intercostal space in mid axillary line. The lung was gently retracted and the parietal pleura over the heads of the appropriate ribs excised using 5-mm sharp insulated coagulating microprocesss. The T4, T3, and T2 ganglions, as well as accompanying rami communicantes, and other branchs arising from upper thoracic nerves to the brachial plexus and surrounding tissues were carefully dissected, coagulated. During sympathectomy, skin temperature of middle was continuously monitored. Elevation of palmar skin temperature intraoperatively indicated an adequate sympathectomy with a definite therapeutic effect. A No. 28 Fr. thoracotomy tube was introduced through a troca under video guidance, placed under water seal after the lung was reinflated. the controlateral side was performed same procedure. After bilateral sympathectomy, chest tubes were removed, and then, he was discharged 2 days after operation with great satisfaction. The ETS provides a well-tolerated, cost-effective alternative to thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis and sympathetic mediated neuropathic pain disorder. And T2 ganglion is considered the key ganglion for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. The low incidence of compensatory sweating may by explained by the limited extent of the sympathectomy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.41-50
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• 1995

The absorbed dose and contaminant electron distribution of therapeutic X-ray beam (15MV photon) was studied with a half blocked beams of 30$\times$30$\textrm{cm}^2$ and field size ranging from 5$\times$5 to 30$\times$30$\textrm{cm}^2$. For a 15MV photon beam energy, the value of the depth of dose maximum, d$_{max}$, gradually decrease with increasing field size from 5$\times$5 to 30$\times$30$\textrm{cm}^2$ due to mainly by contaminant electrons which are produced in the flattening filter and scattered by collimator jaws, tray holder〔Lucite〕, blocking block and air. The results suggest that separate dosimetry data should be kept for blocked and unblocked field. The inherence of the contaminant electrons to the open field depth of maximum dose can lead to mistaken results if attenuation measurements are made at that depth. A nurmerous contaminant electrons mainly were distributed as shape of corn in the central photon beam and their path length in the water were shorter than 30mm because of the electrons energy having around 6MeV. These results clearly appears that the substraction of scattered electrons (electrons and positrons) from the total depth dose curve not only lowers the absolute dose in the bulidup region and surface dose, it also causes a shift of d$_{max}$ to a deeper depth. In the terapeutic high energy photon beam, the absorbed dose near the buildup region is the combined result of incident contaminant electrons and phantom generated electronsrons.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.179-191
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• 2017

Objectives : Increased oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been suggested as a major cause of muscle fatigue. Although several studies have demonstrated the various biological properties of Sophora flavescens Aiton, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz, but the antioxidative potentials have not been clearly demonstrated. The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of their water and ethanol extract mixtures (medicinal herbal mixtures, MHMIXs) on hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced cell damage and apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts. Methods : Cytotoxicity was assessed by an MTT assay. Quantitative evaluation of apoptosis induction and ROS production was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Expression levels of apoptosis regulatory and DNA-damage proteins were detected by Western blotting. Result : The inhibition of $H_2O_2$-induced cell proliferation was effectively blocked in extracts of 3: 1: 1 (EMHMIXs-1) or 2: 2: 1 (EMHMIXs-2) of S. flavescens, G. uralensis and D. dasycarpus Turcz, ethanol extracts from various complex extracts in C2C12 myoblasts. EMHMIXs-1 and EMHMIXs-2 also effectively attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis, which was associated with the restoration of the upregulation of Bad and death receptor 4, and downregulation of XIAP and cIAP-1 induced by $H_2O_2$. In addition, these herbal mixtures significantly blocked the $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and phosphorylation of $p-{\gamma}H2A.X$, which suggests that they can prevent $H_2O_2$-induced cellular DNA damage. Conclusions : The results suggest that EMHMIXs-1 and EMHMIXs-2 could block the DAN damage and apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts by oxidative stress through blocking ROS generation.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.81-88
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of residual food compost application on plant growth and physicochemical properties of soil when residual food compost made from the composting process as part of organic waste recycling was applied in soil as variable rate. The treatments were composed non-fertilizer treatment, control treatment applied with pig compost $20Mg(D.W.)ha^{-1}$, and residual food compost treatments each of applied with 20, 40, 60, $80Mg(D.W.)ha^{-1}$ and were randomized complete block design with three replication. Soil pH after experiment was more increased as more increase application of residual food compost. Other chemical properties of soil including EC were also showed the similar results. The plant growth in treatments applied much of residual food compost at the early growth stage was very damaged and these results were proved at the first growth measurement. Production of the red pepper especially reduced in treatments taken growth demage at the early stage and that of $20Mgha^{-1}$ treatment almost same as control treatment. Bulk density was reduced but porosity was increased according to increase of residual food compost application. Considering the reduction of red pepper production and the demage of growth at the early stage by plenty of salt and water soluble application volume of residual food compost was not permitted over of $30Mgha^{-1}$. Additively, to settle the application volume of residual food compost and to evaluate the plant growth and changes of physicochemical properties of soil, the results taken from continual applying is concluded more important than single application.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.418-425
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• 2017

ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are mainly used in semiconductors, solar cells, biosensors, and cosmetics (sunscreen). In this study, we investigated the behavior of ZnO NPs in aquatic and soil environments and their effects on plants (Artemisia annua L.) in hydroponic cultivation. It was confirmed that the ZnO NPs size increased and their dissolution decreased with increasing in pH. Leaching distance of ZnO NPs was less than 2.5 cm, indicating that ZnO NPs had a little potential to leach into deeper soil layers. When ZnO NPs were exposed to plant, the total weights of plants decreased. The effects on the length of root and shoot were not observed. In addition large amount of ZnO NPs were adsorbed on the surface of plant root and didn't translocate into shoot. These results suggest that ZnO NPs block the pores of the root cell wall and decrease the bioavailability of plant nutrients. Therefore it can be speculated that the particles increase in size and settle down in the water environment and may adversely affect the plant growth by firmly adhering to the root surface when the ZnO NPs are exposed to the environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3799-3804
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• 2014

In sea water, microalgae are exposed to a range of critical environmental conditions. Microalgae are protected from UV-A radiation due to the presence of mycosporine like amino acids(MAAs). Owing to the UV-A absorption properties of MAAs, they are used widely as a UV protecting ingredient in cosmetics. Therefore, there is a need to increase the production yield of MAAs. This study investigated the production yield of MAAs in transformed microalgae by radiofrequency(RF) exposure. Initially, the Glut-1 gene was transformed to Chlamydomonas hedleyi microalgae as a glucose transporter. The biomass was enhanced after Glut-1 gene transformation. In addition, the MAAs production yield was increased during large scale production in bioreactors due to the RF treatment. Therefore, purified extracts of MAAs can be used as a sun block material in the cosmetic industrial field.