• 전기학회논문지P
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2007

In this study, the pulse charger and voltage regulator are proposed that can reuse the waste lead acid battery. The first we develop the voltage regulator that can reuse the waste lead battery. And the pulse current is applied to the terminal of the waste lead acid battery. The voltage regulator is available principle of the pulse current which can reduce the sulfate to incipient material such as Pb and PbO2. Therefore the internal resistance of the lead acid battery is decreased, the performance of the lead acid battery is improved and the durability is prolonged. The second we develop the pulse charger using the voltage regulator. The pulse charger uses the switch mode of the forward convert method. The pulse charger maintain the constant voltage in state removing the lead acid battery and when it connected the pulse charger, it is converted the charge mode of the constant current immediately. It continues the rapid charge until the full state of the lead acid battery. After that the pulse charger is converted to the charge mode of constant voltage automatically, and then it continues the normal charge. The experiment results show that the effectiveness of the voltage regulator and pulse charger such as the good performance and the prolonged durability in lead acid battery of the small and large capacity.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 학술대회 논문집 전문대학교육위원
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• pp.101-107
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• 2007

In this paper, the pulse charger with mode consersion type is proposed that can reuse the waste lead battery. The pulse charger uses the switch mode of the forward convert method. The pulse charger maintain the constant voltage in state removing the lead battery and when it connected the pulse charger, it is converted the charge mode of the constant current immediately. It continues the rapid charge until the full state of the lead battery. After that the pulse charger is converted to the charge mode of constant voltage automatically, and then it continues the normal charge. The experiment results show that the effectiveness of pulse charger such as the good performance and the prolonged durability in lead battery according to capacity states.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2021

폐기물에서의 납 회수 및 재활용을 통해 원료공급 안정화와 환경오염 예방을 동시에 도모할 수 있고 실제로도 최근 폐납축전지 위주의 재활용을 통해 납 원자재 공급 측면에서 긍정적인 효과를 보고 있다. 다만 향후 납 회수 및 재활용의 효과를 극대화하기 위해서 납의 물질 흐름의 현황을 효과적으로 파악할 필요가 있는데, 배출원 등의 복잡성과 다양성으로 인해 관련 조사가 번거로울 수 있다. 이 경우 편의상 인터넷 공개자료를 통한 예비 조사의 선수행이 효과적일 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 공공기관 공개자료를 통해 국내 납의 흐름을 파악하여 향후 납 회수/재활용에 효율성을 기여하고자 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 UN Comtrade와 국내 화학물질배출×이동량 사이트 자료를 이용하여 납의 수입량 및 배출×이동량을 파악하고 이를 국가통합자원관리시스템에서 제시된 납의 흐름과 비교하였다. 그 결과 폐납축전지 등 주요 항목별 관련 납의 흐름이 각 사이트 간에 대략적인 일치를 보였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1991

For the purpose of estimating the working environment and the relationship between the airborne lead concentration and the ZPP level in the whole blood of the workers, the airborne lead concentrations and the ZPP level were measured at the 26 plants which deal with lead, from October 5 to November 5 in 1988. Analysis of the airborne lead concentration was performed by NIOSH Method 7082, and the ZPP level was measured by a hematofluorometer. The following results are concluded. 1. The average airborne lead concentration of the lead battery manufactures is 0.025mg/m$^{3}$ and that of the secondary lead smelters is 0.023mg/m$^{3}$. There were no significant differences between industry (p>0.1) 2. At the lead battery manufacture, the process of lead powder production showed the highest concentration of 0.034mg/m$^{3}$ but there were no significant differences among the processes (p>0.1). At the secondary lead smelter, the process of dismantling waste batteries showed the highest concentration 0.141mg/m$^{3}$, and there were very significant differences among the processes (p<0.005). 3. The ZPP level in the whole blood showed significant differences between industry (p<0.10). The average ZPP level of the lead battery manufactures is 133.0 + 106.3 $\mu$g/100ml and that of the secondary lead smelters is 149.6 + 110.9 $\mu$g/100ml. 4. The correlation coefficients between the airborne lead concantration and ZPP level were 0. 426 (p<0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.484 (p<0.001) for the secondary lead smelters. The correlation coefficients between the work duration (in months) and the ZPP level were 0.238 (p<0.001) for the lead battery mannfactures and 0.075 (p>0.10) for the secondary lead smelters. 5. The linear regression equation, with the airborne lead concentration as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=96.84+1300.34X (r=0.448, p<0.001) for the 26 plants which deal with lead. The linear regression equation, with the work duration(in months) as an independent variable and the ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=127.28 +0.49X (r=0.162, p<0.05). 6. The correlation coefficients between the amount of inhaled lead and ZPP level were 0.349 (p < 0.001) for the lead battery manufactures and 0.318(p<0.001) for the secondary lead smeltes. The linear regression equation for the 26 plants surveyed, with the amount of inhaled lead as an independent variable and ZPP level as a dependent variable, is Y=123.63+18.82X (r=0. 335, p<0.001).

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.19-33
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• 2023

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to systematically identify situations where exposure levels are expected to be high by structuring domestic lead measurement data according to exposure processes and activities. Methods: Occupational exposure data on lead was collected from the results of the Evaluation of Reliability of Working Environment Measurement conducted by the government from 2019 to 2020. Lead exposure characteristics were analyzed by PROC (process category) and activity. The Risk Characterization Ratios (RCRs) of five PROCs according to ventilation type and lead content were evaluated using the MEASE (Metal's EASE) model. Results: The exposure data on lead (n=250) was classified into 12 PROCs and 12 activities, with an average concentration of 0.040 mg/m³ and about 14% exceeding the occupational exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m³. Processes with high exposure levels were PROC 7 (industrial spraying), 23 (open processing and transfer operations of molten metal), 24 (mechanical treatment), 25 (welding), and 26 (handling of powder containing lead). The results of evaluating RCR for the five PROCs were greater than 1 or close to 1 even if local exhaust ventilation was used. Conclusions: There is a possibility that the concentration of exposure is high in the casting and tapping of molten metal containing lead, mechanical treatment such as fracturing and abrasion, handling of powder, spraying, battery manufacturing, and waste battery recycling processes. It is necessary to implement chemical management policies for workplaces with such processes.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.57-70
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• 2011

To address global climate change, various governments are investing in electric vehicle research and, especially in Korea, the application of electric vehicles to public transportation. The lithium batteries used in electric vehicles typically have an expected life cycle of 2-5 years. If electric vehicles become commonly used, they will generate many discarded batteries that could be harmful to the environment. Additionally, lithium batteries are potentially explosive and should be handled appropriately. Thus, reverse logistics issues are involved in handling expired batteries efficiently and safely. Reverse logistics includes the collection, recycling, remanufacturing, and discarding of waste. This study developed a reverse logistics process for electric vehicle batteries after analyzing the as-is process for lead and lithium batteries. It also developed possible disposal regulations for electric vehicle batteries based on current laws regarding conventional batteries.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.499-503
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• 2004

배경: 본 연구에서는 소아연령군에서 과거 13년 동안 시행한 심외막 인공 심박 조율 수술의 임상경험을 바탕으로 인공 심박동기의 평균 수명, 역치, 재수술의 원인 등을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1989년 1월부터 2002년 7월까지 영구 심박 조율기 또는 전극의 이식을 시행한 83명의 환아에게 시행한 121예의 수술을 대상으로 하였다. 후향적으로 환자의무기록을 조사하여 심박 조율기의 수명, 자극 역치, 저항, R파, P파, 감지 역치 등을 조사하였다. 결과: 수술 당시 측정한 평균 심실 자극역치는 1.2$\pm$0.l (0.1∼5) mV, 평균 저항은 519.1$\pm$18.1 (319∼778) ohm, 평균 심실 R파 감지역치는 8.9$\pm$0.7 (4∼20) mV, 평균 P파 감지역치는 2.5$\pm$0.7 (0.4∼12) mV 이었다. 심박 조율기의 평균 수명은 64.7$\pm$3.7 (2∼196)개월이었다. 심박 조율기 무재수술률은 1년 94.6%, 2년 93.6%, 5년 80.8%, 7년 63.7%, 10년 45.4%였다. 재수술의 원인은 전지 고갈이 26예, 전극 이상이 9예 등이었다. 심박 조율기 삽입 후 이의 오작동과 관련된 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었다. 결론: 소아연령군에서 심외막 심박 조율기 삽입 후 재수술 없이 이를 사용할 수 있는 비율은 비교적 만족할 만한 수준으로 19.1%의 환자만이 5년 내에 재삽입이 필요했다. 스테로이드 용출 전극의 재수술률은 6.7%로 이는 심외막 심박 조율기의 수명을 늘리는 데 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.