• 복식
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

In this article, mordant absorption rate by the Change of temperature and fabric, discharge level by water washing, mordant density and method in mordant dye are going to be handled. Besides, how treatment method will have an effect on absorption rate and color, is also going to be covered. An atom extinction photometer was used to measure the amount of mordant absorbed in fabric at each temperature and mordant type. It turned out that absorption rate differs according to the type of mordant and sample or temperature. Also it turned out that the mordant input amount has little influence on absorption rate, that is to say, if though you use more mordants, just tiny amount of mordant is going to be absorbed in cloth. It is true that the higher temperature goes up, the better mordant absorption gets. It is found that the type of mordant and sample, treatment period affects the discharge rate. Normally $15{\~}98\%$ mordant comes off the fabric by water washing, to be specific, $17{\~}47\%$ Iron by water washing and it has better performance on cotton and nylon than silk, $1\%{\~}52\%$ Aluminum by water washing and better absorption on silk, $36{\~}89\%$ Chrome by water washing and better absorption on silk, $50{\~}89\%$ copper by water washing and better absorption on silk, poor on cotton. The examination of the K/S values and colors between before and after soaping has been conducted under the circumstance that the test fabrics had been treated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes with $0.2\%$ soaping solution. In case of pre-mordanted fabrics, the K/S value nosedived after soaping, meanwhile densely mordanted fabric's K/S value soared but after soaping, it dropped sharply. It turned out that soaping treatment deteriorates absorption much more than water washing. It's considered that $0.1 \%$ (W/V) of mordant density is appropriate.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.286-294
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• 1989

This Study has treated the effects of fiber, surfactants, temperature, surfactant concentration, pH, electrolyte, fatty acid contents and mechanical force on the removal of particulate soil from fabric, vacuum cleaner dirt was used as model particulate soil. The fabrics were soiled with mixture of vacuum cleaner dirt and fatty soil, and washed in Terg-O-tometer. The detergency was evaluated by measuring reflectance of a fabric before and after washing. The results were as follows. 1. The fiber type showed a different pattern of soil removal with surfactants. In general, particulate soil removal increased in the following order Acetate>PET. Nylon>Cotton. Particulate soil removal, which is affected by the surfactant type, increased in the following order NPE $(EO)_{10}\leqq$Soap>SLS>DBS>Tween 80. 2. The influence of temperature on the particulate soil removal was very complex because efficiency of removal was varied with surfactant and fiber types. The washing efficiency of NPE $(EO)_{10}$ was highest at around $40^{\circ}C\;and\;60^{\circ}C$ with cotton and PET but the washing efficiency of DBS was the highest at $60^{\circ}C$ with cotton, decreased monotonously with increasing temperature with PET 3. The detergency of particulate soil increased with increasing surfactant concentration at relatively low concentration and then levelled off above some optimum concentration. 4. The removal of particulate soil increased with increasing pH and mechanical force. 5. Effect of electrolyte on the particulate soil removal was depended on the concentration of the surfactant. At low concentration of surfactant, addition of electrolytes improved soil removal but above the some concentration no effect was observed. At high concentration of surfactant, Vie., $0.6\%$ , the maximum washing effect is reached without added electrolyte. These result indicate that added electrolyte only influence the adsorption of surfactant on the soil and fiber 6. Fatty acid content in the soil did not influence on particulate soil removal without regard to surfactants.

• 멤브레인
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.202-208
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• 1999

오일과 세척제가 다량함유되어 있는 자동차 세척배수를 한외여과막으로 처리하였다 세차배수 처리에 적절한 분리막과 투과현상을 평가하기 위하여 분획분자량이 10, 30 및 100k dalton인 한회여과막과 dead-end 방식의 stirred cell (Amicon 8050)을 사용하여 투과유고과 제거율을 측정하였다 분획분자량이 작은 막에 경우 막오염현상이 미약하였으나 분획분자량이 큰 YM100 (100k dalton)인 경우에는 분리막 표면에 오일층을 형성 뿐만 아니라 막 세공 중 일부는 운전압력 조건에 따라서 변형이 가능한 오일 입자가 막을 가능성이 있다 그러나 오일 및 입자 배제율 95% 이상이며 세척제를 포함한 투과수를 재활용할 수 있어 수질오염을 최소화할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 분획분자량이 50k dalton인 중공사형 한외여과막을 이용한 세차배수의 연속적 처리실험을 하였으며 케이크 여과모델이 잘 적용굄을 확인할수하였다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.320-326
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• 1999

센서의 감지막 표면에 흡착되어 있는 이물질을 세척하기 위해 노즐 원리를 도입하여 소형 카트리지를 제작하였다. 세척용 노즐구조는 유동 해석 프로그램(CFD-ACE)의 검증을 통하여 소형 카트리지에 적합하도록 설계하였다. 미세가공기술을 이용하여 제작된 카트리지의 전체 크기는 약 $2.6\;cm{\times}1.5\;cm$이고 세척용 노즐의 크기는 $0.2\;mm{\times}600\;mm$이며, 측정에 필요한 시료의 양은 약 $20\;{\mu}l$이다. REFET과 의사기준전극을 이용한 차동증폭법을 사용하여 기준전극을 소형화하였다. 또한, 미세채널에서 기포로 인한 센서의 오동작을 감지하기 위해 채널 양단에 금속전극을 증착하였다. 제작된 카트리지에 pH-ISFET를 장착하여 노즐에 의한 세척효과를 조사하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

To establish the method for investigating the behavior of aerosol particles deposited on the leaf surface against fog water under natural conditions, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis and wash water analysis by ion chromatography after the washing treatment were performed using leaves of white birch collected from low part of the tree crown and the top of the tree in Sapporo City, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Each of collected leaves was divided into two parts according to the treatment performed: leaf surface (adaxial side) was 1) untreated, and 2) washed with deionized water with a pipette. In untreated samples, many particles of various shapes, including soil particles and organic debris, were deposited on the surface. Particles containing S were found on the surface of samples collected from only low part of the tree crown. After the washing treatment, SEM-EDX analysis revealed that soil particles and particles containing S had been washed off with water, although some particles such as soil particles and organic debris still remained on the leaf surface. The major anion such as $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was detected in wash water of all samples, although the peak of S in X-ray spectra was not detected from samples collected at top of the tree. The combination of SEM-EDX analysis with wash water analysis indicated that $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was deposited on the leaf surface in dissolved state and/or in state of submicron particles. These results suggested that fog water could remove soil particles and particles containing S and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ from the leaf surfaces, but not all particles. There was no difference in sampling position in the tree crown. Our study suggested that combination with SEM-EDX analysis and wash water analysis would be effective for investigation of the behavior of particles on the leaf surface against fog water.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.532-541
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• 2016

국가환경시료은행(NESB)에서는 환경오염물질의 생태계 영향을 모니터링하기 위한 시료로서 8종의 생물시료를 정기적으로 채취하여 초저온(<$-130^{\circ}C$) 저장을 해 오고 있다. 이 중 2 종의 활엽수(느티나무 및 신갈나무 잎)가 중금속 및 잔류성유기오염물질(POPs)과 같은 대기오염물질 모니터링을 위한 환경시료로서 활용되기 위해 채취되고 있다. 한 지역을 대표하기 위해 군락 내 여러 개체에서 시료를 채취하는 과정에서 개체별 차이 및 오염분포 특성에 따른 이질성이 구성 시료의 대표성에 영향을 미치게 되고 따라서 분석을 통한 측정값을 활용한 연구의 신뢰도에 문제를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 시료종은 엄격한 표준운영절차(SOP)에 따라 채취됨으로써 대표성을 확보할 수 있고 이를 근거로 오염물질의 지역간, 연도별 비교가 가능하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 표준운영절차(SOP)에 따라 5 지역의 고정구에서 채취된 신갈나무, 느티나무 잎 시료를 대상으로 지역 간 오염물질의 농도차이를 비교하기 위해 주요원소 및 중금속, 그리고 다환방향족탄화수소(Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과인 측정값을 활용하기에 앞서 이에 대한 신뢰도 수준을 평가하기 위한 방편으로 시료채취단계에서 중복 시료를, 시료분석단계에서 중복분석을 수행하여 분산분석(ANOVA)을 수행하였다. 이로써 시료채취 및 분석의 단계별 불확도를 분리하여 산출한 후 측정불확도로 통합한 결과 측정값의 지역 간 연도별 농도비교에 통계적 신뢰도 수준으로 활용할 수 있었다. 아울러 잎표면 대기침적물질 중 강우에 영향을 받는 중금속 및 PAHs 종류를 파악하기 위해 누적강우량과 오염물질의 축적도간 관계를 분석하였다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권10호
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• pp.664-670
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• 2012

상용 중유 발전소 배가스에 장기간 노출되어 활성이 현저히 저하된 탈질 SCR 폐촉매를 대상으로 현장 시스템을 모사하여 증류수 및 산성용액에 의한 세척과정을 거쳐 모사된 현장 조건으로 촉매를 재생하였다. 산성용액의 제조조건 및 처리조건에 따른 촉매의 물성변화를 확인하였고 질소산화물($NO_x$) 전환 촉매 활성 실험을 수행하여 촉매성능 변화를 고찰하였다. 촉매의 특성분석은 BET, Porosimeter, EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer), ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) 등을 이용하여 수행하였고, $NO_x$ 전환 반응실험은 중유 발전소 배가스를 모사하여 마이크로 반응기에서 SCR 반응을 수행하였다. 촉매특성 분석결과 재생된 촉매의 경우 비표면적은 신품 촉매 대비 95% 이상 회복되었고, $NO_x$ 전환활성은 산성용액 농도 3~6 M 범위에서 신품 촉매 대비 90% 이상을 회복한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 촉매활성의 향상은 산성용액에 의한 촉매표면의 불순물들이 제거되면서 일어난 결과로 밝혀졌다.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to prepare lesson plans, study aids and multimedia learning materials for the clothing units in TechnologyㆍHome economics of the 7th national curricula. It's also meant to utilize these materials in instruction in order to provide students with more direct and practical learning experience and make them capable of leading a successful life in the 21st century. 1. The teaching plans were mapped out for the clothing units in TechnologyㆍHome economics class for middle school grade 2, which were all covered by eight textbooks: clothing and life(the function of clothes, my attire, wearing a suit, and wearing Korean traditional dress), the preparation of garments(the type of fiber, understanding of stuff, and preparing garments), and cloth care and storage (washing, storage, alteration and recycling). 2. The lesson plans included information on the name of units, period, learning objectives, teaching environment, materials, learning content, introduction, development, remarks, topping off, announcement for next session, and related Web sites. 3. To raise the effect of education, study aids were developed to be appropriate for the units. The lesson plans and study aids for the clothing part of TechnologyㆍHome economics class for middle school grade 2 would serve to help students build the right clothing habits, and are expected to serve as good teaching materials.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.487-495
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• 1997

The most desirable diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) should have the properties of oxidizing CO, HC and SOF effectively at low exhaust gas temperature while minimizing the formation of sulfate at high exhaust gas temperature. Precious metals such as platinum and palladium have been known to be sufficiently active for oxidizing SOF and also to have high activity for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$ to sulfur trioxide $(SO_3)$. There is a need to develop a highly selective catalyst which can promote the oxidation SOF efficiently, on the other hand, suppress the oxidation of $SO_2$. In this study, a Pt-V catalyst was prepared by impregnating platinum and vanadium onto a Ti-Si wash coated ceramic monolith substrate. A prepared Pt-V catalytic converter was installed on a heavy duty diesel engine and the effect of fuel sulfur on particulate matter (PM) of heavy duty diesel engine was measured. The effect of fuel sulfur on PM of Pt-V was also compared with that of a commercialized Pt catalyst currently being used in some of the heavy duty diesel engines in advanced countries. Only 1 $\sim$ 3% of sulfur in the diesel fuel was converted to sulfate in PM for the engine without catalyst, but almost 100% of sulfur conversion was achieved for the engine with Pt catalyst at maximum loading condition. In the case of Pt-V catalyst, there was no big difference in conversion with the base engine even at maximum loading condition. The reason of SOF increase according to the increase of suflate emission was identified as the washing off effect of bound water in sulfate.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.128-138
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• 2003

시중에서 유통되는 부분 가공 원예산물의 세균밀도는 매우 높아 청결 상태가 불량하였다. 작물별로는 깐마늘에 세균밀도가 낮았으며 기타 작물의 경우 미생물 밀도는 $10^8$ 이상이었다. 특히 고사리의 경우 가장 세균 밀도가 높을 뿐아니라 이물질이 혼입된 경우도 있었다. 오존수 처리반응은 작물의 유형에 따라 차이를 나타내었는데 근채류인 우엉과 연근은 변색을 방지할 뿐아니라 살균 효과로 세절한 작물의 유통성을 향상시킬 수 있었으나 $0.3mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 농도에서 5분 이상 처리할 경우 오히려 불리하였다. 양상추의 경우 $0.3mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$에서 2분을 초과하여 처리할 때 조직이 물러지고 변색이 더욱 심하여 처리시간과 농도에 대한 구체적인 검토가 필요하였다. 건조나물의 경우 살균효과 뿐아니라 유통 중 세균 증식에 따른 이취 발생을 억제하는데 효과적이었다. 이러한 효과는 조직이 두꺼운 고사리보다 얇은 취나물에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 살필 때 건조나물을 비롯한 연근, 우엉 등의 작물에 대하여서는 실용화 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.