• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1996

In resist-discharge printing of cotton fabrics with reactive/reactive dyes the effects of both resist agents, benzaldehyde sodium bisulfite(BASB) and glyoxal sodium bisulfite (GSB), and Rongalite on the resist-discharge behaviors of C.I. Reactive Black 5(B1-5), which is disazo type and has two vinylsulfone groups, were investigated. It was confirmed that BASB and GSB were effective resist agents, and about 4% of BASB or about 6% of GSB was proper to obtain successful white or colored resist-discharge results. It was thought that the good resist-dischargeability of BASB was due to the hydrophobicity of bezene in BASB, and also that of GSB resulted from the structural effects caused by two hydroxy groups in GSB and the ease of washing of unactivated reactive dye. Only 5% Rongalite without any resist agents showed good resist-discharge result, but 1~3% Rongalite with 4% BASB brought about the stain of cotton fabric by reddish monoazo products produced by insufficient cleavage of two azo groups in Bl-5.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2005

Several tests were conducted to determine the optimum operational conditions of soil washing techniques for floe-forming arsenic-contaminated soils, collected from D abandoned Iron-mine in Korea. The optimum cut-off size was 0.15 mm $(sieve\;\#100)$, about $94\%$ of the mass of soils. Both sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were effective to remove arsenic and the optimum mixing ratio (soil [g] : washing solution [mL]) was 1:5 for both washing agents. Arsenic concentrations, determined by KST Methods, for the dried floe solids obtained from flocculation at pH 5-6 were $990\~1,086\;mg/kg$ dry solids, which were higher concentrations than at the other pH values. Therefore, batch tests for sequential washings with or without removing floc were conducted to find the enhancement of washing efficiencies. After removing floe with 0.2 M HCl, sequential washings of 1 M HCl followed by 1 M NaOH showed the best results (15 mg/kg dry soil). The arsenic concentrations of washing effluent from each washing step were about $2\~3\;mg/L$. However, when these acidic and basic effluents were mixed together, arsenic concentration was decreased to be less than $50\;{\mu}g/L$, due to the pH condition of coagulation followed by precipitation for arsenic removal.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

A large amount of radioactively-contaminated gravel can be produced on the demolition/restoration of facilities related the back end of fuel cycle. However, because of the lacking in basic knowledge for decontamination of radioactive-contami-nated gravel, this study has performed the basic tests using for soil-washing. To find effective decontamination condition, several experiments were carried out for the selection of optimal decontamination agents. Washing by 0.1 M nitric acid was proved to be more effective than that by distilled water or surfactant for decontamination of uranium-contaminated gravel. In addition, crushing/grinding of uranium-contaminated gravel prior to washing was contributed to increase in of removal efficiency of uranium and reduction of decontamination time. The smaller the sizes of crushed gravel was, the more the removal efficiency increased. Also, small the sized particles improved chances for meeting the clearance requirement of the treated gravel.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1004-1012
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the loess dyeability of soybean fabric using loess as colorants. Recent days, various textile products such as inner wears, sheets and interior goods are manufactured using materials dyed with loess emphasizing its improved metabolism, anti-bacterial, deodorizing properties, and far infrared ray emissions. Soybean fabric was dyed with loess solution according to concentration of loess, dyeing temperature and dyeing time. To improve washing fastness, soybean fabric and dyed soybean fabric with loess were mordanted by mordanting agents such as sodium chloride(NaCl), Acetic acid(CH₃COOH) and Aluminium Potassium Sulfate(AlK(SO₄)₂·12H₂O). Dyeability and color characteristics of dyed soybean fabric were obtained by CCM observation. Particle size distribution of loess, the dyeability(K/S) of soybean fabric, morphology and washing durability of loess dyed soybean fabric were investigated. The results obtained were as follows; Mean average diameter of loess was 1.08µm. The main components of loess used in this study were silicon dioxide(SiO₂), aluminium oxide(Al₂O₃), and iron oxide(Fe₂O₃). The content of these three component was above 75 weight %. The dyeability of soybean fabric was increased gradually with increasing concentration of loess. The optimum dyeing temperature and dyeing time were 90℃ and 60minutes expectively. The fastness to washing according to concentration of loess and mordanting method indicated good grade result as more than 4 degree in all conditions.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.462-468
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• 2014

This study investigates the dyeability of soybean protein fabric after dyeing with gallut. In this study, the colorants of gallnut were extracted with boiling water at $60^{\circ}C$ and 60min. Soybean protein fabric was dyed with extracted solution from gallnut according to concentration, temperature and time. After dyeing with gallut solution, dyeability (K/S) was obtained by CCM observation. Al, Cu and Fe were employed as a mordanting agents. Various color changing were produced by the interactions of mordants that were different from soybean protein fabric; however, Al mordant was not indicated as a variable color change. Fastness to washing and light were also investigated. Consequently, the dyeability of the soybean protein fabric dyed with gallut showed reasonable results at 100% o.w.f, $90^{\circ}C$, for 60min. Fastness to washing according to concentration indicated good result as more than grade (4-5) in general. Fastness to light was almost the same compared to fastness to washing at all concentrations. Fastness to washing according to mordants indicated good grade (4) in principle at Al, Cu, and Fe; in addition, fastness to light indicated a good grade too. Fastness to light also indicated the highest dyeability at Fe mordant. This study shows that gallut is a reasonable dyestuff to soybean protein fabric and that it is possible to manufacture a variety of products that use soybean protein fabric.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed in order to investigate hand hygiene practices among food-service businesses employees based on the awareness of hand-washing and load of indicator bacteria on their hands. It focused on the comparison of full-time and part-time workers in food-service workplaces. Methods: A direct-interview questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis were carried out with sixty workers each. Samples for microbiological analysis were collected through a modified glove-juice method from the hands of the food-service workers and were analyzed for aerobic plate count, total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella spp. Microbiological analysis was done according to the Food Code of Korea. Results: Significant differences (p<0.01) were found in the survey between the full-time and part-time workers in hand-washing frequency, use of hand-washing agents, and hand-drying methods. More full-time workers responded to washing their hands after preparing food, after visiting outside, after handling raw materials, and before putting on gloves/when changing gloves than did part-time workers (p<0.05). No remarkable difference was found in bacterial load on the hands except in the aerobic plate count between the two groups. The detection of E. coli, S. aureus, and Salmonella spp. on the hands of some food-service workers in both groups revealed poor hand hygiene practices. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that there is a need for training programs in order to improve hand hygiene practices and strict hand hygiene compliance by food-service workers.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.516-522
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• 2023

The co-precipitation process plays a key role in the decontamination of radionuclides from low and intermediate levels of liquid waste. For that reason, the removal of Cs ions from waste solution by the co-precipitation method was carried out. A simulated liquid waste (¹³³Cs) was prepared from a 0.1 M CsCl solution, while wastewater generated by washing steel ash served as a representative of radioactive cesium solution (¹³⁷Cs). By co-precipitation, potassium ferrocyanide was applied for the adsorption of Cs ions, while nickel nitrate and iron sulfate were selected for supporting the precipitation. The amount of residual Cs ions in the CsCl solution after precipitation and filtration was determined by ICP-OES, while the radioactivity of ¹³⁷Cs was measured using a gamma-ray spectrometer. After cesium removal, the amount of cesium appearing in both XRD and SEM-EDS was analyzed. The removal efficiency of ¹³³Cs was 60.21% and 51.86% for nickel nitrate and iron sulfate, respectively. For the ash-washing solution, the removal efficiency of ¹³⁷Cs was revealed to be more than 99.91% by both chemical agents. This implied that the co-precipitation process is an excellent strategy for the effective removal of radioactive cesium in waste solution treatment.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1989

Cotton xanthate, which was obtained by treating cotton with carbon disulfide in alkaline solution, was treated with the solution of polyvalent metal ions to produce cotton xanthate-metal chelates. This chelation reaction was readily and simply achieved, and antimicrobial agents with suitable structures could subsequently be coupled to the chelate with ease at moderate pH values and in aqueous solution. Metal ions used in present work include Cu(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III). Tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin and pyrithion were used as antimicrobial/antifungal agents. Antibacterial activities were measured employing ditch plate method against G(+) Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococus faecalis, and G(-) Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and the fungus, Aspergillus niger. All the cotton xanthate-metal-antimicrobial agent chelates exhibited activities whereas the cotton xanthate-metal chelates themselves were inactive. Considering the extensive washing procedures and results from control experiments, possibility of the involvement of physical adsorption for the binding of drugs could be excluded.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.293-304
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• 2005

As the eye irritant test of lens washing agent, ReNu$^{TM}$ was analysed using Draize methods (1959) according to KFDA Guidelines. In addition, to test the potential toxicity of test articles the ratio of inflammatory cells and non-inflammatory epitheloid cells were also observed using smear cytology methods against ocular discharge. At test, the histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also observed in all animals. Slight irritancy of the cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1, 2 and 3 days after dropping in non-washing group. The Mean Index of Ocular Irritation(MIOI) of these points are detected as 4.17, 3.00 and 1.33, respectively. In washing group, slight irritancy of the cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1 and 2 days after dropping with MIOI as 0.67 and 1.33, respectively. Therefore, ReNu$^{TM}$ was considered as non-irritating materials because the MIOI is detected below 5.00 throughout the whole experimental periods in both washing and non-washing groups. The Index of Acute Ocular Irritation(IAOI) is also detected as 4.17(1 day after dropping). Except of the somewhat increase trend of the inflammatory cell ratios in ocular discharge at 1 day after dropping of non-washing group, but significances are not detected, on the other hand, no meaningful changes on smear cytology of ocular discharges are observed in this study. In addition, no abnormal histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also not detected in ReNu$^{TM}$ dropping group compared to that of non-treated control eyes.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2007

The eye irritant test of lens washing agent, CLIWELL$^{TM}$ was conducted using Draize methods according to KFDA Guidelines. In addition, to test the potential toxicity of test articles, the ratio of inflammatory cells and non-inflammatory epitheloid cells was also observed using smear cytology methods against ocular discharge. At sacrifice, the histopathological changes on Cornea, Iris, Retina and Sclera were also observed in all animals. Slight irritancy of cornea and conjunctiva was observed at 1, 2 and 3 days after dropping in non-washing group. The MIOI of these points are detected as 4.50, 1.67 and 0.67, respectively. In washing group, slight irritancy of cornea and conjunctiva were observed at 1 and 2 days after dropping with MIOI as 0.67, respectively. Therefore, CLIWELL$^{TM}$ was considered as non-irritating materials because the MIOI is detected below 5.00 throughout the whole experimental periods in both washing and non-washing groups and the IAOI was also detected as 4.50. Except for significant increase of the inflammatory cell ratios in ocular discharge at 1 day after dropping of non-washing group compared to that non-treated intact eyes, no meaningful changes on smear cytology of ocular discharges are observed in this study. In addition, no abnormal histopathological changes on the cornea, iris, retina and sclera were also detected in CLIWELL$^{TM}$ dropping group compared to that of non-treated intact eyes.