• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2015

This study was full-scale combustion test for flame growth characteristics and temperature characteristics analysis to predict the risk of household Items fire when fire occurs. Experimental results, Refrigerator flames were the highest measured in 15 min time, and Washing machine is between 20 ~ 30 min, Drawer is 5 min, Sofa was enabled up to the size of the flame 15 min. In addition, the maximum combustion temperature was found from the time 20 min ~ 25 min, Sofa is temperature was elevated up to $1190^{\circ}C$, Refrigerator is $1,162^{\circ}C$, Drawer is $822^{\circ}C$, Washing machine appeared to be rising up to $670^{\circ}C$. Therefore, in the case of the maximum temperature of combustion Sofa it showed relatively high.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 1994

The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of the dissolution of detergent on washing and rinsing efficiency, and the possibility of saving detergent in washing. Washing and rinsing efficiency were reviewed in three different ways : A method was to input dissolved detergent by the use of rapid detergent dissolution instrument, B method was to input dissolved detergent beforehand, and C method was to input undissolved detergent. The results were as follows 1. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing time and three method's gaps were reduced because detergent dissolution effect was reduced by mechanical action in proportion of washing time. Especially, according to detergency of A method of 0.07% and C method of 0.1% was appeared approximately, saving detergent was expected by rapid dissolution of detergent. 2. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with washing temperature. As the washing temperature rose, the detergent reached chemically more activated state and become easily soluble. It resulted for the detergent to penetrate and adhere to laundry easily. 3. A method > B method > C method was shown in detergency with detergent concentration and C method was more sensitive than A, B method against change of detergent cocentration. Rapid detergent dissolution made it possible not only to enhance the washing efficiency but also to save the detergent because detergency of A method in low concentration is higher than that of C method. 4. A method $\geq$ B method > C method was shown in rinsing ratio with detergent input method. It indicated input dissolved detergent was advantageous in rinsing. 5. The result of anion surfactant concentration test of each process with detergent input method was shown like that A method In B method > C method in washing and reverse result was shown in rinsing. The anion surfactant concentration of C method was low during washing but high during rinsing. This was identical with previous results which shown the washing and rinsing efficiency improved with dissolved detergent usasge. 6. C method > B method > A method was shown in the degree of remaining detergent after rinsing. There was no remaining detergent after second rinsing in A and B method, but in C method four rinsings were required for the same result. Consequently, in A and B methods, less water and electricity were used, and less abrasion of cloth.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.3916-3924
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• 2013

본 연구는 보건계 대학생의 손씻기 관련 특성과 손씻기 지식과 태도 및 수행도를 파악하여 올바른 손씻기를 수행하기 위한 방안을 제공하고자 실시하였다. 대상은 G광역시 일개대학의 보건계 대학생 425명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 자료수집을 하였고 SPSS/WIN 18.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 1일 평균 손씻기 횟수는 8.7회, 시간(초)는 평균 18.5초였다. 손씻기 교육 수는 평균 2.4회였다. 손씻기에 가장 많이 사용하는 세제는 일반 세수비누, 손 건조도구는 종이타올이었다. 손씻기 관련 특성에서 손씻기 횟수와 시간은 손씻기 교육수가 6회 이상, 실습을 통한 교육 실시, 소독비누로 손씻기, 종이타올로 손 닦기 등에서 모두 유의한 차이로 높았다. 손씻기 지식, 태도, 수행도 점수는 여자(성별), 상급종합병원, 1일 11회 이상의 손씻기 횟수, 1회 손씻는 시간 16초 이상, 6회 이상의 교육 수, 실습을 통한 교육에서 가장 점수가 높았다. 손씻기 지식, 태도, 수행도간의 상관관계는 모두 유의했다. 이 연구 결과는 효과적인 손씻기를 위해 손씻기 지식, 태도 및 수행도를 높이기 위한 손씻기 교육프로그램을 계속적으로 개발할 필요성을 나타내고 있다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2007

This research was conducted to estimate the effect of sonication and reducing agent addition on soil washing of heavy metals-contaminated soil. Sonication trained in soil washing did not significantly increased extraction efficiency of heavy metal compared to soil washing only. The extraction efficiency of sonication trained in soil washing was 12% increased for Pb in 0.01M EDTA leaching solution. Pb and Cd showed higher extraction efficiency in case of reducing agent treatment with mechanical shaking than that with sonication. However, the extraction efficiency of Cu and Zn in case of reducing agent treatment with sonication was over 2 times higher than that in with soil washing. Therefore, application of reducing agent addition with sonication or mechanical shaking should be decided differently for pretreatment of soil washing, according to the kind of heavy metal. It was estimated that sonication after adding reducing agent could increase removal efficiency of Zn or Cu-contaminated soil and shorten the treatment time.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.243-253
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• 1995

This study has been carried out for the antimicrobial effects of organic silicon quaternary ammonium salt with which cotton, polyester, and wool were treated respectively, using Esherichia coli and Proteus bulgaris which are experimental bacteria for clothing materials. As a results, the best antimicrobial effects of organic silicon quaternary ammonium salt came out from cotton ; the next form wool ; and lower from polyester. With the changes of the temperature, the antimicrobial effect with soaking time, there was no changes with cotton after 10 minutes passed. It seemed to have reacted entirely in the early stage. The longer the soaking duration was, the higher the effect from polyester was. The effect from wool was increased until 20 minutes, but decreased after 30 minutes. The optimal processing condition of cotton was in the condition of liquor ratio 40:1, concentration 0.5%, soaking time 5 minutes, and temperature 3$0^{\circ}C$ ; wool was 1.5%, 20 minutes, and 6$0^{\circ}C$ ; polyester was 2.0%, 30 minutes, and 3$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The changes of the effect by washing was as followings : The processing effect on cotton and wool appeared to be everlasting, since they had no changes by washing 10 times ; while, it was remarkablely decreased with polyester by washing only once, and was almost disappeared after washing 10 times, which means that polyester has no durability to washing.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

The position of the gate is one of the important factors for optimal injection molding. This is because inappropriate gate positions cannot fill the cavity uniformly, which can lead to defects such as contraction. In this study, CAE was performed on hot runner injection molding of the washing machine base and plasticity was compared by changing gate position from existing gate position. A total of two alternatives have been applied to compare the plasticity of the washing machine base according to its optimal gate position. The gate position of the improved molds and the gate position of the current mold is analyzed by injection molding analysis. The results of the fill time, the pressure at V/P switchover, clamping force, and deflection were compared. In washing machine base injection molding, the deflection was reduced by about 3.76% in the improved mold 2. In improved mold 1, the fill time during injection molding was reduced by 3.32% to enable uniform charging, and the clamping force was reduced by 31.24%. We have confirmed that the position of the gate can change the charging pressure and the clamping force and affect the quality and cost savings of the molded product.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2013

우리가 주로 생체로 먹는 들깻잎, 상추를 하우스에서 재배하고 안전사용기준을 준수하여 약제를 살포한 후 수확하여 다양한 세척액의 시간별 제거율을 조사하고 가정에서 주로 사용하는 방법인 흐르는 물에 씻는 방법과 물을 받아 씻는 방법의 제거효율을 비교하였다. 들깻잎의 경우 잔류농약의 제거율은 수돗물 3~63%, 소금물 2~58%, 녹차액 6~74%, 세제액 8~86%였다. 세제액만이 수돗물과 유의성 있는 차이를 보였고 다른 세척액은 수돗물과 유의성이 없었다. 세척시간이 증가함에 따라 제거율도 증가하였으나 세제액의 1분 세척과 3분 세척만이 유의한 차이가 있었고 다른 처리들은 세척시간별로 제거율의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 흐르는 물에 씻는 방법과 물을 받아 씻는 방법을 조사한 결과 상추를 흐르는 물에 1회 세척시 8~68%, 물을 받아 세척시 7~64% 농약이 제거되었고 물과 시간은 흐르는 물에 세척시 17.5 L, 2.9분이 소비되었고 물을 받아 세척시 4 L, 1분이 소비되었다. 물을 받아 3회 세척시 16.5~76.6%의 농약이 제거되었으며 물과 시간은 12 L와 3분이 소비되었다. 따라서 물을 받아 세척하는 것이 물과 시간을 절약하면서 제거율을 높일 수 있는 것으로 생각되었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.137-146
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• 2018

Soil washing is one of the most frequently used remediation technologies for heavy metal-contaminated soils. Inorganic and organic acids and chelating agents that can enhance the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils have been employed as soil washing agents. However, the toxicity, low removal efficiency and high cost of these chemicals limit their use. Given that humic substance (HS) can effectively chelate heavy metals, the development of an eco-friendly, performance-efficient and cost-effective soil washing agent using a nano-scale chelator composed of HS was examined in this study. Copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) were selected as target heavy metals. In soil washing experiments, HS concentration, pH, soil:washing solution ratio and extraction time were evaluated with regard to washing efficiency and the chelation effect. The highest removal rates by soil washing (69% for Cu and 56% for Pb) were achieved at an HS concentration of 1,000 mg/L and soil:washing solution ratio of 1:25. Washing with HS was found to be effective when the pH value was higher than 8, which can be attributed to the increased chelation effect between HS and heavy metals at the high pH range. In contrast, the washing efficiency decreased markedly in the low pH range due to HS precipitation. The chelation capacities for Cu and Pb in the aqueous phase were determined to be 0.547mmol-Cu/g-HS and 0.192mmol-Pb/g-HS, respectively.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2014

Cavitation generated by ultrasonic irradiation can enhance the diffusional transport of organic contaminants from soil surfaces or pores. Therefore, ultrasound soil washing can be an alternative of traditional soil washing process. In this study, soil was artificially contaminated with n-tetradecane, n-hexadecane and phenanthrene. A plate type ultrasonic reactor at 25 kHz frequency and 1000W power was used for laboratory soil washing experiments. Ultrasonic soil washing efficiency was compared with those of traditional soil washing using mechanical mixing. Various operational parameter such as soil/liquid ratio, irradiation time, particle size, and soil organic matter content was tested to find out the optimum condition. It was found that ultrasonic soil washing demonstrates better performance than mechanical soil washing. Optimum soil:liquid ratio for ultrasonic soil washing was 1 : 5. Desorption of organic contaminants from soils by ultrasonic irradiation was relatively fast and reached equilibrium within 10 minute. However, decrease in the soil particle sizes by ultrasonic irradiation results in re-adsorption of contaminants to soil phase. It was also observed that soil particle size distribution and soil organic matter content have significant effects on the efficiency of ultrasonic soil washing.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.527-536
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• 2017

This study investigated the detergency and functionality of laminating finished fabrics for outdoor wear based on repeated washing. Laminating finished fabrics were selected as the main fabrics for outdoor wear and used as test fabrics. The effects of outdoor exclusive detergent and normal neutral detergent were examined according to washing time, temperature, rpm and detergent concentration based on the use of a Terg-O-Tometer. Re-soiling of the test fabrics was measured by Florio-Mersereau. Permeability, water repellency, water resistance and absorbency were estimated to measure improvements and effects in regards to outdoor exclusive detergent in optimal washing conditions. The detergent effect of outdoor exclusive detergent was superior compared to normal neutral detergent. Re-soiling was lower with exclusive outdoor detergent than with normal neutral detergent. The measurement of functionality for laminating finished fabrics before and after washing indicated that functionality was decreased with repeated washing.