• 무역상무연구
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• 제73권
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• pp.65-90
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• 2017

The rule of warranty in English insurance law was established in the second part of the $18^{th}$ century by Lord Mansfield, who laid the foundations of the modern English law of insurance contract and developed very different rule of insurance law, especially in the field of warranty. At the time of Lord Mansfield, warranty, that is, the promise given by the assured, played an important role for the insurer to assess the scope of the risk. Legal environments, however, have changed since the age of Lord Mansfield. English and Scottish Commissions proposed very dramatic reform of law in the field of warranty law to reflect the changes of legal environment through the Insurance Act 2016. This article intends to consider the legal implications through the comparative analysis between the new regime of warranty in the Insurance Act 2015 and MIA 1906. The major changes in the Insurance Act 2015 are summarized as following. First, Basis of the contract clauses in non-consumer insurance contracts should be of no effect and representations should not be capable of being converted into warranties by means of a policy term or statement on the proposal form. This requirement should not be capable of being avoided by the use of a contract term and the arrangement of contracting out by parties should be of no effect. Secondly, The existing remedy for breach of warranty, that is, automatic discharge of the insurer's liability, should be removed. Instead, the insurer's libility should be suspended from the point of breach of warranty and reattach if and when a breach of warranty has been remedies. Thirdly, A breach of warranty should genally be regarded as remedied where the insured ceases to be in breach of it. In the other hand, for time-specific warranties which apply at or by an ascertainable time, a breach should be regarded as remedies, if the risk to which the warranty relates later, becomes essentially the same as that originally contemplated by the parties. Fourthly, where a term of an insurance contract relates to a particular kind of loss, or loss at a particular location/time, the breach of that term should only give the remedy in relation to loss of that particular kind of loss, or at a particular location/time. Finally, whether a term of an insurance contrat relates to loss of a particular kind of at a particular location/time should be determined objectively, based on whether compliance with that ther would tend to reduce the risk of the occurrence of that category of loss.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2005년도 후기학술대회논문집
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• pp.92-93
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• 2005

A contract for the shipbuilding is usually a complicated and involves statement of rights, obligations and responsibilities which each party agrees vis-a vis the other. The ultimate purpose of the contract is the sale and transfer of the finished ship by the builder to the buyer. Contracts for the construction and sale of ships are categorized as contracts for the sale of goods under English, United States, Germany and some countries law. On the other hand, The shipbuilding contract may be classified, not as a contract of sale but as a contract for work and materials under Korea, Japan and some countries law. Especially, most of countries are now well settled with regard to liability of a manufacturer in tort for physical injury and on the other for pure economic loss to remote owners of chattels. Where there is either a breach of contractual warranty or an implied warranty, there may be admiralty jurisdiction, depending once again on the situs of the event and its relationship to traditional maritime activity. Contract principles will be applied to the first type of warranty and tort principles will be applied to the second. First of all, this thesis is dealt with the contents of contract under English Law. Secondly, this thesis is analysed into the liability of shipbuilder in Products Liability under English, American and Korean Law comparisons. In conclusion, the author tries to give some suggestions as countermeasures of Products Liability to the shipbuilder in Korea.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2008년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.216-221
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• 2008

본 연구는 유럽, 미국, 일본 등 선진외국에서 시행하고 있는 성능보증계약제도 현황을 살펴보고 이 제도의 국내 도입을 위한 타당성 및 가능성을 검토하기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 성능보증계약제도의 개념 및 필요성, 국내외 성능보증계약제도 현황을 조사, 분석하였다. 특히 이들 나라들의 하자담보책임제도의 보증업무, 설계시공일괄입찰 계약제도의 운영현황, 낙찰자 결정방식, 성능보증수단, 공사계약의 유지관리 업무, 성능보증시방서 및 계약조건을 비교 분석하였다. 그리고 성능보증계약제도를 도입하기 위한 방안으로서 하자담보책임제도 외에 성능보증계약제도 별도 운영, 설계시공일괄입찰계약제도의 수정 활용, 공사낙찰제도의 보완, 성능보증수단 확보, 유지관리업무를 포함하는 공사계약의 필요성을 제시하였다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.133-162
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• 1999

The international sale transaction is in essence a sale of goods and presents all those commercial and legal problems in any sale of goods. As a result, A International sales contract imposes several duties on the parties : the seller must deliver the goods and transfer ownership in them, while the buyer must pay the price and take delivery of the goods. However, there are several problems which impede a active transaction between seller and buyer who have their places of business in other countries each other. Therefore, It is necessary to provide the concept on the conformity of goods in the Int'l Sale of Goods. Especially, In our consideration for the point of time when defects occurs, the existence of non-conformity of goods should be judged on the basis of time of delivery rather than time of contract. Moreover, The burden of proof about nonconformity of goods is another fact which make an international dispute between the contractual parties in an international trade. Thus, The consistency in the interpretation of law must be maintained betweened the warranty and seller's liability. In the Uniform Commercial Code and UN Convention, non-conformity of contract is made of contract liability. And in our civil and commercial law provisions of warranty should be understand as the special ones of the provisions of general non-performance of obligation liability. As a result, More concrete study of them is required because they may have a great influence especially on international trade. As a result, We should be our best in finding a helpful and systematic structure that the dualistic structure of nonperformance of obligation liability and warranty liability must be unified by studying the theories of English and American warranty and our legal system, as well as international practice and usage being used in an international trade.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.687-690
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 성능보증계약제도의 국내 도입을 위한 기초 연구로서, 선진국에서 현재 도로포장 분야에 주로 사용하고 있는 성능보증계약제도의 건축분야 적용을 위한 선결과제를 파악하고, 제반사항의 검토 및 분석을 통해 국내 학교 교사 시방서에 적용해 보았다. 성능보증계약을 건축분야 시방서에 적용함으로써 기술개발과 비용절감, 시공 성과품의 품질 향상, 발주자 편익 증진이 기대되며, 건설 산업의 국제화에도 기여할 것으로 기대되지만, 도로포장과는 달리 다양한 변수들을 고려해야 하며 시방서가 성능 지향적일 수록 관리 감독이 어렵고 보편적으로 받아들여지는 성능 확인법을 찾기가 힘들어지는 문제점이 나타났다. 우리나라 건설 산업의 선진화, 국제화를 저해하는 계약 재도의 개선을 위해 성능보증계약제도의 성공적인 국내 도입과 정착이 필요하며, 이를 위해서 국가적인 차원의 제도 개선과 인간 행동에 기초한 연구, 성능 확인법 개발 등 관련 기술의 개발이 필요하다.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.152-177
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• 2021

Purpose - This study analyses the excepted requirement and burden of proof of the carrier due to unseaworthiness through comparison between the marine transport contract and marine insurance contract. Design/methodology - This study uses the legal analytical normative approach. The juridical approach involves reviewing and examining theories, concepts, legal doctrines and legislation that are related to the problems. In this study a literature analysis using academic literature and internet data is conducted. Findings - The burden of proof in case of seaworthiness should be based on presumed fault, not proved fault. The burden of proving unseaworthiness/seaworthiness should shift to the carrier, and should be exercised before seeking the protections of the law or carriage contract. In other words, the insurer cannot escape coverage for unfitness of a vessel which arises while the vessel is at sea, which the assured could not have prevented in the exercise of due diligence. The insurer bears the burden of proving unseaworthiness. The warranty of seaworthiness is implied in hull, but not protection and indemnity policies. The 2015 Act repeals ss. 33(3) and 34 of MIA 1906. Otherwise the provisions of the MIA 1906 remain in force, including the definition of a promissory warranty and the recognition of implied warranties. There is less clarity about the position when the source of the loss occurs before the breach of warranty but the actual loss is suffered after the breach. Nonetheless, by s.10(2) of the 2015 Act the insurer appears not to be liable for any loss occurring after the breach of warranty and before there has been a remedy. Originality/value - When unseaworthiness is identified after the sailing of the vessel, mere acceptance of the ship does not mean the party waives any claims for damages or the right to terminate the contract, provided that failure to comply with the contractual obligations is of critical importance. The burden of proof with regards to loss of damage to a cargo caused by unseaworthiness is regulated by the applicable law. For instance, under the common law, if the cargo claimant alleges that the loss or damage has been caused by unseaworthiness, then he has the burden of proof to establish the followings: (i) that the vessel was unseaworthy at the beginning of the voyage; and that, (ii) that the loss or damage has been caused by such unseaworthiness. In other words, if the warranty of seaworthiness at the inception of the voyage is breached, the breach voids the policy if the ship owner had prior knowledge of the unseaworthy condition. By contrast, knowingly permitting the vessel to break ground in an unseaworthy condition denies liability only for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthiness. Such a breach does not, therefore, void the entire policy, but only serves to exonerate the insurer for loss or damage proximately caused by the unseaworthy condition.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제62권
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• pp.33-53
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• 2014

This study examines the seller's liability for defects in title of goods under SGA. If the contracting parties choose SGA as a governing law, they should pay attention to whether a contractual stipulation for defects in title of goods is a condition or a warranty. It is because SGA divides contractual terms into a condition and a warranty. And its effects regarding a breach of a condition or a warranty are different. Under SGA s 12(1) as a condition, in a contract of sale, the seller has a right to sell the goods at the time of contract, and in the case of an agreement to sell, he will have such a right at the time when the property is to pass. Under SGA s 12(2) as a warranty, there is an implied warranty that (a) the goods are free, and will remain free until the time when the property is to pass, from any charge or encumbrance and (b) the buyer will enjoy quiet possession of the goods as long as the buyer retains an interest in the goods. But the seller will not be liable if the third party unlawfully interferes with the buyer's possession.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.987-990
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• 2007

성능보증(warranty)계약제도는 아스팔트 포장공사에서 유럽 여러 국가들이 오랫동안 시행해오던 제도로서 미국에서도 유럽에서 시행되고 있는 이 제도 도입을 위한 기대효과 검증작업이 진행되면서 빠른 속도로 적용공사의 수가 증가하고 있다. 또한 일본의 경우, 일본 특성에 맞는 성능계약제도를 정착시켜 시행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유럽 여러 국가들과 미국, 일본의 도로포장 성능계약제도 시행현황을 조사하였고 그 장단점을 분석하였다. 그리고 향후 국내 성능계약제도 도입방향을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결론으로 국내에 성능보증계약제도를 도입하기 위한 성능보증서 제도 및 성능보증기관 제도 수립, 발주방식 정립 등의 필요성을 제시하였다.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2007년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.527-530
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• 2007

건설시장이 점차 전문화, 대형화되면서 건설요구품질수준이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 변화에 대응하기 위해 1960년대부터 프랑스, 영국, 미국, 일본 등은 목적물의 품질과 성능을 일정기간 보증하는 성능계약제도를 도입하여 요구품질을 확보하고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 품질확보를 위해 하자담보책임제도를 강화하였으나, 하자 기준의 불명확성, 과도한 하자담보책임기간, 부실시공과 하자를 동일시하는 사회인식, 공사계약의 체결 및 이행과정에서 발주자 우위의 거래관행등의 문제가 제기되면서 시공자에게 과도한 책임문제가 발생하고 있다. 게다가 최근 FTA 협상에 따라 국내 BOT시장이 개방되면서 국제적인 경쟁이 불가피한 시점이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 시공자의 기술혁신 유도와 명확한 책임이 규정된 성능보증계약제도를 도입하여 국제적인 경쟁력을 확보할 필요성이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 해외민간투자사업에 적용되고 있는 성능계약제도의 특성과 발주프로세스를 벤치마킹하여 국내 현황을 고려한 민간투자사업의 성능발주모델을 제안하였다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

PURPOSES : Case studies of an asphalt-overlay project with a performance-based contract method were conducted on a national highway in Korea to evaluate the effect of the method on asphalt pavement maintenance. This study evaluated the procedure of the performance-based contract method. METHODS : In this study, an asphalt-pavement maintenance project for a national highway was assessed with a performance-based contract to investigate the advantage of the new contract procedures. This is the first trial applying the performance-based contract to a pavement-rehabilitation project in Korea. In the four case studies, the warranty period of the performance-based contract was designed for seven years. The research team monitored the construction site to compare the normal contract method with the performance-based contract method. The case studies' project sites were investigated after the end of the construction. RESULTS : Based on the limited case studies, the performance-based contract method could extend the service life of the asphalt pavement and reduce the pavement-maintenance budget because the quality control was well managed by the contractors. However, a few construction laws would be necessary to apply the performance-based contract method in the future. CONCLUSIONS : Using the performance-based contract, the construction company made great efforts to guarantee the warranty period and to apply the optimal maintenance method, based on the pavement distress condition. The contractor and the agency would need to understand the new performance-based contract system for it to be activated. Therefore, a proper education program for the performance-based contract system would be needed to educate the stakeholders regarding the procedures and their effects on the pavement management and maintenance.