• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the warming temperature and exposed time on the post-thaw survival rate and viability of bovine blastocyst cryopreserved by GMP vitrification. Groups of three bovine IVP blastocysts were sequentially placed into vitrification solution before being loaded into the GMP straws and immersed into LN$_2$within 20 to 25 sec. The warming rate was increased 2 times of warming temperature for improvement of post-thaw survival rates. The frozen embryos were warmed either at 35 or 70$^{\circ}C$ for 1 or 2 sec and then diluted in sucrose solution. Post-thaw blastocysts were serially washed in 0.25 and 0.15 M sucrose in holding medium (HM: TCM199 supplemented with 10% FCS) and TCM-199 for each 5 min, respectively, and then cultured in TCM199 for 24 h. The rate of re-expanded blastocyst was significantly different fer 35 and 70$^{\circ}C$ warming temporature (76.4 vs. 89.3%; P<0.05). The rate of re-expanded blastocyst at 70$^{\circ}C$ for 1 sec was significantly higher than that for 2 sec (91.1 vs. 70.9%; P<0.05). The number of nuclei counted were significantly different among control, 35 and 70$^{\circ}C$ (121${\pm}$8.5 vs. 104${\pm}$11.7 vs. 114${\pm}$10.3; P<0.05). These results indicated that the increasing of warming rate can provide high survival rates of bovine IVP blastocysts. Especially, the best viability of post-thaw blastocyst could be thaw at 70$^{\circ}C$ for 1 sec. The warming temperature and exposed time far warming was considered to be limiting factors to the viability of bovine IVP embryos. he purpose of this study was to investigate the warming temperature and expose.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2012

In order to understand the growth and ecophy -siological response of ginseng to global warming condition, we cultivated one and two year ginseng seedlings in control (ambient $CO_2$ + ambient temperature) and global warming treatment (elevated $CO_2$ + elevated temperature) from March 2010 to July 2011. Shoot appearance and initiation of flowering were advanced by 3-4 days in global warming treatment than in control. However, timing of fruit setting and seed ripeness was similar in both control and global warming treatment. Shoot length was longer in global warming treatment than in control, and also the number of leaves was much in global warming treatment. Fresh root weight was not different between control and global warming treatment. Photosynthetic rate was higher in global warming treatment than at control. Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate were higher in two year seedlings than in one year seedlings at control, but was not different between seedling age of ginseng in global warming treatment. Water use efficiency was higher in one year seedlings than two year seedlings at control and global warming treatment. These results demonstrated that Korean ginseng more or less positively responds to global warming situation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.456-466
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the effects of pre-warming on core body temperature (CBT) and hemodynamics from the induction of spinal anesthesia until 30 min postoperatively in surgical patients who undergo total hip replacement under spinal anesthesia. Our goal was to assess postoperative shivering and inflammatory response. Methods: Sixty-two surgical patients were recruited by informed notice. Data for this study were collected at a 1,300-bed university hospital in Incheon, South Korea from January 15 through November 15, 2013. Data on CBT, systemic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate were measured from arrival in the pre-anesthesia room to 3 hours after the induction of spinal anesthesia. Shivering was measured for 30 minutes post-operatively. C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured pre-operatively, and 1 and 2 days postoperatively. The 62 patients were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG), which underwent pre-warming for 30 minutes, or a control group (CG), which did not undergo pre-warming. Results: Analysis of CBT from induction of spinal anesthesia to 3 hours after induction revealed significant interaction between group and time (F=3.85, p=.008). In addition, the incidence of shivering in the EG was lower than that in the CG ($x^2=6.15$, p=.013). However, analyses of SBP, heart rate, CRP, and ESR did not reveal significant interaction between time and group. Conclusion: Pre-warming for 30 minutes is effective in increasing CBT 2 and 3 hours after induction of spinal anesthesia. In addition, pre-warming is effective in decreasing post-operative shivering.

• Atmosphere
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.171-183
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• 2007

Trends of daily maximum and minimum temperatures in major cities of South Korea (Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, and Ulsan) during the past 40 years (1961-2000) were investigated. Temperature records for the Chupungryeong station were compared with those of the large cities because of the rural environment of the station. There were distinct warming trends at all stations, although the warming rates depend on each station's local climate and environment. The warming rates in Korea are much greater than the global warming trends, by a factor of 3 to 4. The most increasing rate in daily maximum temperature was at Busan with $0.43^{\circ}C$ per decade, the most increasing rate in daily minimum temperature was at Daegu with $0.44^{\circ}C$ per decade. In general, the warming trends of the cities were most pronounced in winter season with an increasing rate of $0.5^{\circ}C$/decade at least. Diurnal temperature range shows positive or negative trends according to the regional climate and environmental change. The frequency distribution of the daily temperatures for the past 40 years at Seoul and Chupungryeong shows that there have been reductions in cold day frequencies at both stations. The results imply that the impacts on human health might be positive in winter and adverse in summer if the regional warming scenario by the current regional climate model reflects future climate change in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of experimental warming using infrared lamps on seed germination and seedling survival rate of Pinus densiflora and Abies holophylla. The air temperature of warmed plots had been automatically maintained 3 higher than control plots. The percent germinations (%) of the two coniferous species were higher in warmed plots than in control plots, however a significant difference appeared only in A. holophylla. In addition, P. densiflora and A. holophylla showed the shorter mean germination time (days), higher germination rate ($seed{\cdot}day^{-1}$) and germination energy (%) in warmed plots than in control plots. A. holophylla showed a higher seedling mortality rate in the warmed plots than in control plots because of increased air and soil temperatures and decreased soil moisture. However, seedling survival rate of P. densiflora showed no significant difference by experimental warming. In the future, changed air and soil temperatures and soil moisture due to global warming will induce a variety of changes in seed germination and survival rate of tree species in nursery culture. Therefore, it is necessary to establish adaptation strategies that improve techniques in nursery culture against global warming.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2016

Seedling stage is particularly important for tree survival and is easily influenced by warming. Therefore, air temperature being increased due to climate change may affect physiological traits and growth of seedlings. This study was conducted to investigate the physiological and growth responses of Larix kaempferi seedlings to open-field experimental warming. 1-year-old and 2-year-old L. kaempferi seedlings were warmed with infrared lamps since April 2015 and April 2014, respectively. The seedlings in the warmed plots were warmed to maintain the air temperature to be $3^{\circ}C$ higher than that of the control plots. Physiological responses (stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate and total chlorophyll content) and growth responses (root collar diameter (RCD), height and biomass) to experimental warming were measured. Physiological and growth responses varied with the seedling ages. For 2-year-old L. kaempferi seedlings, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosynthetic rate decreased following the warming treatment, whereas there were no changes for 1-year-old L. kaempferi seedlings. Meanwhile, total chlorophyll content was higher in warmed plots regardless of the seedling ages. Net photosynthetic rate linked with stomatal conductance also decreased due to the drought stress and decrease of photosynthetic efficiency. In response to warming, RCD, height and biomass did not show significant differences between the treatments. It seems that the growth responses were not affected as much as physiological responses were, since the physiological responses were not consistent, nor the warming treatment period was enough to have significant results. In addition, multifactorial experiments considering the impact of decreased soil moisture resulting from elevated temperatures is needed to explicate the impacts of a wide range of possible climate change scenarios.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1431-1445
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• 2010

In order to clarify the impact of regional warming on the meteorological field and air quality over southeastern part of Korean Peninsula, several numerical experiment were carried out. Numerical models used in this study are WRF for the estimate the meteorological elements and CMAQ for assessment of ozone concentration. According to the global warming impact, initial air temperature were changed and its warming rate reach at 2 degree which was based on the global warming scenarios provided by IPCC. The experiments considering the global warming at initial stage were presented as case T_UP. Air temperature over inland area during night time for case T_UP is higher than that for Base case. During time since the higher temperature over inland area is maintained during daytime more intensified sea breeze should be induced and also decrease the air temperature in vicinity of coast area. In case of T_UP, high level concentrations ozone distribution area was narrowed and their disappearance were faster after 1800LST. As a results, wind and temperature fields due to the global warming at initial stage mainly results in the pattern of ozone concentration and its temporal variation at South-Eastern Part of the Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.210-220
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• 2019

Population growth and the increase of energy consumption due to civilization caused global warming. Temperature on the Earth rose about $0.7^{\circ}C$ for the last 100 years, the rate is accelerated since 2000. Temperature is a factor, which determines physiological action, growth and development, survival, etc. of the plant together with light intensity and precipitation. Therefore, it is expected that global warming would affect broadly geographic distribution of the plant as well as structure and function ecosystem. In order to understand the effect of global warming on the ecosystem, a study about the effect of temperature rise on germination and growth in the plant is required necessarily. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of experimental warming on the germination and growth of two oak species(Quercus mongolica and Q. serrata) in temperature gradient chamber(TGC). This study was conducted in control, medium warming treatment($+1.7^{\circ}C$; Tm), and high warming treatment ($+3.2^{\circ}C$; Th) conditions. The final germination percentage, mean germination time and germination rate of two oak species increased by the warming treatment, and the increase in Q. serrata was higher than that in Q. mongolica. Root collar diameter, seedling height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, and total biomass were the highest in Tm treatment. Butthey were not significantly different in the Th treatment. In the Th treatment, Q. serrata had significantly higher H/D ratio, S/R ratio, and low root mass ratio (RMR) compared with control plot. Q. mongolica had lower RMR and higher S/R ratio in the Tm and Th treatments compared with control plot. Therefore, growth of Q. mongolica are expected to be more vulnerable to warming than that of Q. serrata. The main findings of this study, species-specific responses to experimental warming, could be applied to predict ecosystem changes from global warming. From the result of this study, we could deduce that temperature rise would increase germination of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica and consequently contribute to increase establishment rate in the early growth stage of the plants. But we have to consider diverse variables to understand properly the effects that global warming influences germination in natural condition. Treatment of global warming in the medium level increased the growth and the biomass of both Q. serrata and Q. mongolica. But the result of treatment in the high level showed different aspects. In particular, Q. mongolica, which grows in cooler zones of higher elevation on mountains or northward in latitude, responded more sensitively. Synthesized the results mentioned above, continuous global warming would function in stable establishment of both plants unfavorably. Compared the responses of both sample plants on temperature rise, Q. serrata increased germination rate more than Q. mongolica and Q. mongolica responded more sensitively than Q. serrata in biomass allocation with the increase of temperature. It was estimated that these results would due to a difference of microclimate originated from the spatial distribution of both plants.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.260-270
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• 2010

Purpose: The main question is systematic review of the published in Korea and foreign countries on warming therapy for surgical patients. Methods: The researchers searched at Medline, CINAHL, KERIS, Adult Nursing Association, Korean Society of Nursing Science, Korean Academy of fundamentals of Nursing, and National Assembly Library web site for the published on warming therapy for surgical patients from 1980 to 2008. Words for search were operation/surgery, warming, operation/surgery and warming. Studies were included randomized controlled trial, and there were no restrictions regarding operative phase and outcome measures. Results: 36 published researches that met the criteria were mostly published in foreign countries between 2000 and 2008 and focused on surgery with general anesthesia. Sample size ranged from 21 to 60 subjects, age range between 21 and 60 years of age. Thirty different warming therapies were reported, fifty-two different dependent variables. Outcome indicators included active external warming, intra-operative, and body temperature. 'Positive effects' and 'no effects' equaled. The most frequently reported 'positive effects' were body temperature, shivering, and acid-base balance. No effects were more likely to be heart rate, blood pressure, and hemodynamics. Conclusion: Many types of warming therapy, are reported in the literature with little information about the efficacy of each, many different dependant variables were studied. There were no consistent reports as to length of time used for warming procedures. Overall, the effects of warming therapy are inconsistent. And additional research must be down before any particular method of warming can be used with confidence as to its effectiveness. Attention must be made as to the research design, better measurement of the dependent variables. This review may serve as a base.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the effects of long-term and short-term embryo culture to assess whether there is a correlation between culture duration and clinical outcomes. Methods: Embryos were divided into two study groups depending on whether their post-warming culture period was long-term (20-24 hours) or short-term (2-4 hours). Embryo morphology was analyzed with a time-lapse monitoring device to estimate the appropriate timing and parameters for evaluating embryos with high implantation potency in both groups. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust the confounding factors across groups. The grades of embryos and blastocoels, morphokinetic parameters, implantation rate, and ongoing pregnancy rate were compared. Results: No significant differences were observed in the implantation rate or ongoing pregnancy rate between the two groups (long-term culture group vs. short-term culture group: 56.3% vs. 67.9%, p=0.182; 47.3% vs. 53.6%, p=0.513). After warming, there were more expanded and hatching/hatched blastocysts in the long-term culture group than in the short-term culture group, but there was no significant between-group difference in embryo grade. Regarding pregnancy outcomes, the time to complete blastocyst re-expansion after warming is shorter in women who became pregnant than in those who did not in both culture groups (long-term: 2.19±0.63 vs. 4.11±0.81 hours, p=0.003; short-term: 1.17±0.29 vs. 1.94±0.76 hours, p=0.018, respectively). Conclusion: The outcomes of short-term culture and long-term culture were not significantly different in vitrified-warmed blastocyst transfer. Regardless of the post-warming culture time, the degree of blastocyst re-expansion 3-4 hours after warming is an important marker for embryo selection.