• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 2000

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of Warming Therapy used with patients consistantly before and during surgery to on changes in their body temperatures. The data were collected from patients in a university hospital in Taegu between December 1, 1998 and May 31, 1999. The subjects were selected from patients who were hospitalized for total hip replacement surgery. Thirty participants were assigned to two groups : experimental(Warming Therapy) group and control group. Each group consisted of 15 patients. The research design was a repeated measurement design, using a nonequivalent control group. The Warming Therapy, using a forced-air warming blanket, that is a, 'Bair Hugger' was applied to subjects in the experimental group. The subjects in the group were treated with the 'Bair Hugger' to warm up the whole body for 40 minutes before surgery and upper body and face during the operation. The core temperature was measured using a tympanic thermometer. The body temperature of the patients was measured 13 times every 15 minutes during the surgery. After the operation the body temperature of the patients was measured 4 times every 15 minutes, from the time of arrivial in the recovery room to the time of leaving the recovery room. The SPSS Win 9.0 program was used for data analysis. Specific methods tested were done using ${\chi}^2-test$, t-test, repeated measures ANOVA. The findings of the study are as follows. 1. The first hypothesis, 'The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group during the operation', was supported (F=32.16, p=.000). 2. The second hypothesis, 'The level of tympanic temperature for the experimental group which received Warming Therapy will be higher than that of the control group after the operation', was supported.(F=33.36, p=.000) 3. During recovery, shivering was observed one patient in the experimental group and seven patients in the control group. In summary, the findings of the study suggest that the 'Warming Therapy' applied before and during the surgery was a very effective treatment for surgical patients in maintaining the core temperature during surgery

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.185-185
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• 2019

Sustaining future wheat production is challenged by anthropogenically forced climate warming and drying led by increased concentration of greenhouse gases all around the globe. Warming stresses, originating from the elevated $CO_2$ concentration, are continuously reported to have negative impacts on wheat growth and yield. Yet, elevated $CO_2$ concentration, despite being disparagingly blamed for promoting warming, is also associated with a phenomenon called $CO_2$ enrichment; in which wheat yield can improve due to the enhanced photosynthesis rates and less water loss through transpiration. The conflicting nature of climate warming and $CO_2$ enrichment and their interplay can have specific implications under different environments. It is established form the field and simulation studies that the two contrasting phenomena would act severely in their own respect under arid and semi-arid environments. Wheat is a dietary staple for masses in Pakistan. The country's wheat production system is under constant stress to produce more from irrigated agricultural lands, primarily lying under arid to semi-arid environments, to meet the rapidly growing domestic needs. This work comprehensively examines the warming impacts over wheat yield and water productivity (WP), with and without the inclusion of $CO_2$ enrichment, under semi-arid environment of Punjab which is the largest agricultural province of Pakistan. Future wheat yields and WPs were simulated by FAO developed AquaCrop model v 5.0. The model was run using the bias-correction climate change projections up to 2080 under two representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios: 4.5 and 8.5. Wheat yield and WPs decreased without considering the $CO_2$ enrichment effects owing to the elevated irrigation demands and accelerated evapotranspiration rates. The results suggested that $CO_2$ enrichment could help maintain the current yield and WPs levels during the 2030s (2021-2050); however, it might not withhold the negative climate warming impacts during the 2060s (2051-2080). Furthermore, 10 - 20 day backward shift in sowing dates could also help ease the constraints imposed by climate warming over wheat yields and WPs. Although, $CO_2$ enrichment showed promises to counteract the adverse climate warming impacts but the interactions between climate warming and $CO_2$ concentrations were quite uncertain and required further examination.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.131-167
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• 2009

Global warming is regarded as one of the most critical issues that should be taken care of by the entire global community as it threatens the survival of mankind. South Korea, in particular, undergoes faster warming than the average rate of global warming. South Korea has revealed various warming rates and trends being surrounded by sea on three sides and having complex terrains dominated by mountains. The rates vary according to regions and their urbanization and industrialization. Differences also derive from seasons and weather elements. Changes to the highest, mean, and lowest temperature are also different according to the characteristics of regions and observatories, which is more apparent where the force of artificial weather applies. In an urban area, temperature gaps tend to decrease as the lowest temperature rises more than the highest temperature. Meanwhile, temperature gaps grow further in a coastal or country region where the force of artificial weather is small and the force of natural weather prevails. In this study, the investigator analyzed the changes to the weather elements of 11 observation spots that had gone through no changes in terms of observation environment since 1961, were consecutively observed, and had the quality of their observation data monitored on an ongoing basis. Using the results, I tried to identify natural and artificial causes affecting certain spots. Located on the east coast of the Asian Continent, South Korea sees weather changing very dynamically. Having huge influences on our weather, China has achieved very rapid industrialization for the last 30 years and produced more and more greenhouse gases and air pollution due to large-size development projects. All those phenomena affect our weather system in significant ways. Global warming continues due to various reasons with regional change differences. Thus the analysis results of the study will hopefully serve as basic data of weather statistics with which to set up countermeasures against climate changes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

This study was carried out to estimate the warmed water irrigation and the warmed soil efficiency on protected cultivation of cucumber in winter season. The water of 28$^{\circ}C$ was continuously supplied for soil warming and that is $25^{\circ}C$ for warmed water irrigation. Cucumber growth was analyzed when tile soil kept up the optimum temperature in the root zone. The cucumber growth are compared with the warmed soil plots. isolated warmed soil plots and non-warmed soil plots. The cucumber growth in warmed soil plots and isolated warmed soil plots were 20~50% higher than non-warmed soil plots compare to that by the warmed irrigation. In the non-warmed soil plots, the stem diameter and the number of leaves in the warmed water irrigation plots are 10% higher than those in the normal water irrigation plots. The yields in isolated warmed soil plots were 37~38% higher than non-warmed soil plots and those in warmed soil plots were 85~96% higher than non-warmed soil plots. The fruit length, weight and diameter in warmed soil plots were 15% higher than those in the non-warmed plots.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.461-472
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• 2015

The sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), which is characterized by an abrupt increase of polar stratospheric temperature by several tens of degrees in a week, has been known to affect tropospheric weather and climate on sub-seasonal time scale in the boreal winter. Such downward coupling has been often examined in North Atlantic and Europe, but rarely examined in East Asia. In this study, by applying the two definitions of SSW to the reanalysis data, the possible impacts of the SSW events on the surface air temperature (SAT) and tropospheric circulation in East Asia are analyzed. It is found that Eurasian continent, including Siberia and the Northeast Asia, tends to experience anomalously cold SAT for up to sixty days after the SSW events. The resulting SAT anomalies largely resemble those associated with negative Artic Oscillation. However, over East Asia, SSW-related SAT change is weak and not statistically significant. Only during the extreme SSW events when the downward coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere is strong, East Asia exhibits significantly cold SAT anomalies. This relationship is presented by grouping SSW events into those followed by cold SAT anomalies over East Asia and those by warm anomalies for varying threshold values of the SSW events.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers Conference
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• 2008.09a
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• pp.196-199
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers Conference
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• 2008.09b
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• pp.196-199
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• 2008

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.193-199
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• 2017

Mechanical tappet is used to reduce the cost and friction loss compared with hydraulic tappet. But the mechanical tappet doesn't have the ability to control the clearance between cams and valves and is selected by measuring the distance between valves and cams in order to minimize the clearance of valves by considering thermal expansion of valves. So, the valve clearance is nearly zero after fully warming-up periods, but there is valve clearance before warming-up. Especially at cold condition, the clearance is relatively large and can bring about some problems. In this study, the valve motions like lift, velocity, seating velocity and bouncing height were studied at various valve clearance conditions by experiment and analysis. As the valve clearance increases, the ramp area becomes shorten and it causes the valve train motion to have bad effects.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.14-19
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• 2000

A coupled general circulation model (GCM) of the global atmosphere, oceans and lands is used for finding the future climate at times of doubled carbon dioxide concentration (DCDC) of the atmosphere. Two runs of the model were made in order to find the future change. Global changes at times of DCDC may be characterized by a global warmig of $1.4^{\circ}C$, a $3\%$ global precipitation increase, and an increase in the surface available water (SAW) over the global land among others. The estimated increase in SAW over the land implies that river discharge is likely to increase with increased chance of severe weather as a result of the future global warming.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2008

Effect of Water Treatment Sludge(WTS) on trace metals content in Sorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) was investigated. At this report measuring of nickel(Ni) content of the forage was presented. Four treatments, Control, Compost, Alum+(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)(NPK), Compost+NPK, were applied to the sorghum in a mountainous place near the Joongbu University. With the 1, 3, 5 hours conditions, the background value was the least on the 5 hours warming up of the AA-680 spectrophotometer, and on the condition(mean/SD) of absorbances of Ni observed was the most. It is necessary in Ni analysis warming up for longer period around 5 hours for this type of apparatus. And we think that the difference of warming time for Ni analysis in order to carry out better measuring; the reason might be the larger bonding energy of Ni than those of Cu, calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg) and (potassium)(K).