• 비교문화연구
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• 제31권
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• pp.155-175
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• 2013

Meantime there has been a tendency to keep silent about the role of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora which contributed to the spirit of independence and the realization of country foundation ideology in the official history of Latin America. In some countries, although the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora, which intended to establish a liberal and equal society resisting against slavery and colonization system, was the foundation of independence and the establishment of a new country, their contribution has been difficult to leave an official trace in Caucasian criollo-centered history system. Along with the development of Hcienda in 17th Century, black slaves' collective resistance was developed mainly with el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, the center of the Independence movement of Brazil and South America. The black people who escaped resisting against slavery formed communities and developed organized activities through various politics and social activities. However, such communities were mostly dispersed or destroyed by the colonial power, and the collective resistance of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora lost life. On the other side, in case of Colombia, a community of escaped black slaves which was formed in the early 17th Century is solely remaining in Latin America, moreover, Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's struggle for liberty and equality became the foundation for Comuneros revolution and Independence movement in the late 18th Century. Comuneros revolution which occurred in 1781 awoke self-awareness of liberty and equality, and became an ideological base for independence movement based on revolutional republicanism and philosophy of enlightenment. It is considered that South America's independence movement lead by $Sim{\acute{o}}n$ Boívar was a history that could not have started without historical base of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora's resistance against colonization system. Therefore, this study intends to discuss the role and achievement of Afro-Ibero America Diaspora in the process of independence of Latin America mainly with Colombia, which is the center of Independence movement of South America. Through this process, this study intends to revaluate historical contribution of Afro-Ibero America which has been relatively neglected meanwhile in the process of independence and the establishment of country.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.455-467
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of Korean women nurses in the independence movement and to examine their activities during the Japanese occupation from 1910 to 1945. Methods: Nurses studied were women nurses referred to as Ganhowon, Ganhobu, Gyeonseupganhobu, Sanpa, and Josanbu at that time. Five participants such as descendents or relatives of nurses who participated in independence movements, were selected for interview to provide oral historical materials. An historical research approach was used and all of the data were analyzed according to period, region, and pattern of the independence movement. Results: Throughout the historical literature and oral historical materials, it was found that from 1914 to 1945, thirty-eight women nurses actively participated in various types of independence activities such as mass hurrah demonstrations, raise the spirit of war, red cross activities, enlightenment movement and armed struggle to encourage the public to stand up against Japanese imperialism locally and abroad. Conclusion: The findings indicate that women nurses, as enlightened women, endeavored to solve social issues with their autonomous volition, and these action can serve as meaningful evidence for enhancing the social status of nurses.

• 수완나부미
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.79-111
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• 2016

Malaya attained independence on August 31, 1957 from Britain. However this new nation faced a communist insurgency known today as the "Malayan Emergency" (1948-1960). Then in 1961, Tunku announced a wider federation of "Malaysia", viz. Malaya, British Crown Colonies of Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo, and the protectorate of Brunei. Countering communism was a principal motive for "Malaysia". Sarawak's leftist elements were rejected with an armed opposition. Malaysia was formed excluding Brunei. Amidst its birth pangs, Malaysia faced hostile neighbors Indonesia and the Philippines; the former objected by way of Konfrontasi (1963-1967) while the latter laid claim to Sabah (formerly North Borneo). Malaya/ Malaysia was borne in the midst of the Cold War (1947-1991), a bipolar world between the US and the USSR. Malaya/Malaysia is utilized as a case of analysis and evaluation in the context of the twin trends of continuities and transformations in tracing the historical developments from the 1950's to the 1990's. The risks, motives, and challenges that prompted the shift in foreign relations reveal as much of the personality of the political leadership, the prevailing situations, and conditions from within and circumstances from without.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.19-31
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• 2011

This article examines the historical view of Benito $P{\acute{e}}rez$ $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ in his historical novel named "Zaragoza" and "$C{\acute{a}}novas$" by comparing with Numancia of Cervantes. In front of the national survival crisis, $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ recognizes that it is necessary that Spain should recover humanity and morality on basis of the krausist ideal. The krausists warned subjective idealism, stressing on free-will and moral conscience in a harmonious balance of rationality. Without refusing patriotism, they warned egoistic patriotism deformed by national selfishness or nationalism. Giner de los Ríos insisted on a necessity of harmonizing national inclination and universal one. $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ emphasizes that the identity of Spain is not possession of privileged class but sweat and tears of the mass of people in daily life. He represents Efemera as the ideal history on the basis of Unamuno's 'intrahistoria', by which, instead of $Luk{\acute{a}}cs^{\prime}$ progressive history, we can peep into a historical poetics of human free nature and vividness of discontinuous and endless shifting. According to the sub-history, we come to the conclusion that $Gald{\acute{o}}s$ and Cervantes would lay emphasis on sub-history, aiming to essence of Spanish soul originated from national landscape and people's daily life.

• 복식
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• 제56권9호
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• pp.143-156
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in military uniform design according to the type of war in history and to suggest factors to be considered when designing military uniforms. Military uniform in this study has been limited to uniforms of land active soldiers and not only includes battle dress but also bombproof helmets, combat boots and webbing systems. Western military uniform was investigated starting from World War I focusing on the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and the Soviet Union, and Korean military uniform was analyzed starting from the Korean Day of Independence. Historical research, case studies and in-depth interviews were included in the study. World War I was a trench war. Khaki colors began to be used in battle dress, and steel helmets and gas masks were invented. World War II was a full-stale war. Many kinds of uniform were designed with various environments and roles of soldiers in mind, and camouflage was adopted in military uniform. Modern wars were wars of technique. Strong protectors were invented and diverse camouflages were adopted as rifles became increasingly accurate and biochemical weapons started to be used. Korea referred largely to the uniforms of the United States because it lacked both information on war and the financial power to invest in development of military uniforms. Finally, this study presents 5 factors to be considered when designing military uniforms: protection, camouflage, mobile and utility convenience, compatibility and symbolism. Wars of the future are predicted to be information wars utilizing realtime information collected through computers. Therefore new military uniforms with computers, communication devices and strong protective capacities need to be developed. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for designing military uniforms of the future.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.513-530
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• 2009

체첸 민족의 역사는 외세의 연이은 침략에 대한 항쟁으로 점철된다. 특히나, 러시아와 체첸간의 갈등은 약 200여 년 동안이나 지속되어 현재까지도 해결되지 않는 문제로 남아있다. 양국은 체첸이 독자적으로 독립을 선언하면서 관계가 악화되어 전쟁으로까지 발전했는데, 이 때 러시아와 다른 체첸의 종교, 즉 이슬람이 체첸인들을 결집하게 한 원동력이 되었다. 즉, 이슬람의 신앙심과 수피 이슬람의 형제애가 체첸 민족주의와 결합하여 대(對)러시아 항쟁에 큰 역할을 한 것이다. 본 논문에서는 체첸-러시아 분쟁에 대한 근본적인 이해를 돕기 위해 체첸 민족 문화와 정체성, 체첸-러시아 갈등의 역사, 체첸 민족의 이슬람화 과정과 체첸 민족의 저항정신의 구심점인 수피 이슬람 세력의 대러시아 투쟁 과정을 중심으로 고찰해보고자 한다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information about the formation background of urban squatter and their housing state in Korea. This study was progressed on the basis of socio-historical point of view from the opening of a port to the after the Korean War. In that sense, this study considered meaning of housing for urban squatter in the Korean housing history. For this study, the formation background of the urban squatter was divided into three periods. The first period was after the opening of a port (1876-1910) when the inflow of Japanese and their plundering from Korea started. The second was Japanese occupation period (1910-1945) which contributed to increase the number of Tomak (mud hut) and made the Tomak-min's village. The third period was Korean war & postwar years (1945-1953). This period was divided into three parts again; after the Korean independence (1945-1950), during the Korean War (1950-1953), and after the Korean War (1953-). The urban squatter was settled in the national land and the public land in each period and experienced the severe housing shortage. The government of the time could not protect the urban squatter from the special national states such as the Japanese rule and the Korean War.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.524-537
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• 2020

This research was undertaken to examine Masan's regional food service industry, which experienced drastic changes due to liberation and the Korean war. Analysis of restaurant advertisements in 'Masanilbo' revealed a total of 92 restaurants during this period. The numbers of restaurants classified by the time periods are 18 (1946 to 1950), 27 (1951 to 1955), 17 (1956 to 1960), and 30 (1961 to 1966). 'Gomguk' gained popularity in the early 1900s and became a speciality of Masan, resulting in the appearance of numerous Gomguk restaurant advertisements. After independence, Japanese foods were predominant in Masan since the population was used to eating Japanese dishes during the colonial era. Moreover, there was a major influence of the people who returned to the homeland. Masan was the place for refugees during the 6.25 war, resulting in the popularity of 'Naengmyeon'; advertisements largely displayed 'Pyeongyangnaengmyeon' during the early 1950s, and 'Hamheungnaengmyeon' during the early 1960s. Western food advertisements usually introduced 'Dongaseu' and 'Kareraiseu', which were deeply influenced by Japanese culture. These various contributions resulted in alterations in the food menu, such as the rise of fusion food which is not bound to any nation, spread of Japanese food culture, and popularity of 'Naengmyeon'.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제27권
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• pp.105-122
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• 2012

This article aims that Chinese characters represented in Korean films have been explored for historical consideration of Korean's viewpoint on Chinese from early modern to the present day. During Japanese colonial period, Chinese had been hateful and feared by most of Korean because Korean had been acted high-handedly by chinese in early modern time and had covertly regarded chinese as threatening competitors in economical part of the colony, refered to the chinese characters represented in the films, For the Lover(1928) and Secret of Chinese Street(1928). Chinese had been called as enemy forces in Korean movies, such as Marines are Gone(1963), Dragon competed with tiger(1974) made with Korean battle field setting and Manchuria setting developed a Korean independence movement, after Korean War in the 1960-70s maintained the cold war system in the World. According to analyzing chinese characters depicted in Failan(2001), A Good Rain Knows(2010), Korean public have a friendly attitude with contemporary Chinese as China has been the great trade partner of Korea with interdependent relationship after 1992, the year of Korea have established diplomatic ties with China.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제67호
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• pp.173-201
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• 2017

신흥무관학교는 신민회 인사들의 숙의에 따라서, 국망 직후 서간도에서 독립전쟁을 위한 배후기지로서 가장 먼저 설치된 곳이었다. 신흥무관학교는 1911년부터 1920년대까지 약 10년 간에 걸쳐서 무려 3,500명의 독립운동 간성들을 배출한 것으로 알려지고 있다. 그러나 10년 세월 동안 많은 수의 학생들이 어떻게 충원이 되었는지에 대해서는 아직까지도 구체적으로 밝혀진 것이 없다. 필자는 신흥무관학교의 학생 충원문제를 검토하는 과정에서 이상룡(李相龍)의 "만주기사(滿洲紀事)"를 주목하게 되었다. "만주기사"는 총 16편에 이르는 연작 시이다. 이상룡은 신흥강습소를 설치한 후부터 양성한 군사가 오륙백에 이른다고 회고하였으나, 지금까지 연구자들은 이 부분을 단지 문학적 수사로 치부하여 간과한 측면이 있었다. 한편 제6편에서는 추가가에 정착한 후 8년 동안 건립한 소학교가 30개 소에 이른다고 회고하였다. 필자는 이를 바탕으로 신흥강습소 초기부터 길러낸 5백 명 이상의 학생들이 신흥무관학교 학생들을 포함하여 인근의 하급교육기관, 즉 소학교 학생들을 통칭한 것이라고 결론지었다. 그리고 그 소학교들을 구체적으로 증명하였다. 유하 통화 지역 소학교 학생들은 졸업 후 신흥무관학교에 입학하였다. 그리고 신흥무관학교 졸업생들은 학규에 따라서 2년 간 의무적으로 인근 소학교 교사로 부임하여 군사교육을 포함한 소학교 교육을 담당하였다. 결국 신흥무관학교와 그 인근의 소학교들은 독립전쟁이라는 큰 목적 하에서 서간도 한인들에 의해서 유기적으로 운영되었던 커다란 독립운동의 군영이었던 셈이다.